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update introduction doc (AtsushiSakai#1152)
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‎docs/modules/1_introduction/1_definition_of_robotics/definition_of_robotics_main.rst

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Definition of Robotics
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This section explains the definition, history, key components, and applications of robotics.
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What is Robotics?
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Robot is a machine that can perform tasks automatically or semi-autonomously.
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Robotics is the study of robots.
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The field of robotics has wide areas of technologies such as mechanical engineering,
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electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence (AI),
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to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.
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The word “robot” comes from the Czech word “robota,” which means “forced labor” or “drudgery.”
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It was first used in the 1920 science fiction play `R.U.R.`_ (Rossum’s Universal Robots)
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by the Czech writer `Karel Čapek`_.
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In the play, robots were artificial workers created to serve humans, but they eventually rebelled.
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Over time, “robot” came to refer to machines or automated systems that can perform tasks,
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often with some level of intelligence or autonomy.
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.. _`R.U.R.`: https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/origin-word-robot-rur/
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.. _`Karel Čapek`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek
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The History of Robots
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Ancient and Early Concepts (Before 1500s)
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The idea of **automated machines** has existed for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations imagined mechanical beings:
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The idea of **automated machines** has existed for thousands of years.
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Ancient civilizations imagined mechanical beings:
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- **Ancient Greece (4th Century BC)** – Greek engineer `Hero of Alexandria`_ designed early **automata** (self-operating machines) powered by water or air.
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- **Chinese and Arabic Automata (9th–13th Century)** – Inventors like `Ismail Al-Jazari`_ created intricate mechanical devices, including water clocks and automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.
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- **Ancient Greece (4th Century BC)** – Greek engineer **Hero of Alexandria** designed early **automata** (self-operating machines) powered by water or air.
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- **Chinese and Arabic Automata (9th–13th Century)** – Inventors like **Al-Jazari** created intricate mechanical devices, including water clocks and humanoid robots.
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.. _`Hero of Alexandria`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
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.. _`Ismail Al-Jazari`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari
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The Birth of Modern Robotics (1500s–1800s)
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- **Leonardo da Vinci’s Robot (1495)** – Designed a humanoid knight with mechanical movement.
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- **Jacques de Vaucanson’s Automata (1738)** – Created robotic figures like a mechanical duck that could "eat" and "digest."
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- **Industrial Revolution (18th–19th Century)** – Machines began replacing human labor in factories, setting the foundation for automation.
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- `Leonardo da Vinci’s Robot`_ (1495) – Designed a humanoid knight with mechanical movement.
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- `Jacques de Vaucanson’s Digesting Duck`_ (1738) – Created robotic figures like a mechanical duck that could "eat" and "digest."
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- `Industrial Revolution`_ (18th–19th Century) – Machines began replacing human labor in factories, setting the foundation for automation.
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.. _`Leonardo da Vinci’s Robot`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot
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.. _`Jacques de Vaucanson’s Digesting Duck`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson
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.. _`Industrial Revolution`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
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The Rise of Industrial Robots (1900s–1950s)
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- **The Term “Robot” (1921)** – Czech writer **Karel Čapek** introduced the word *“robot”* in his play *R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots)*.
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- **The Term “Robot” (1921)** – Czech writer `Karel Čapek`_ introduced the word *“robot”* in his play `R.U.R.`_ (Rossum’s Universal Robots).
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- **Early Cybernetics (1940s–1950s)** – Scientists like **Norbert Wiener** developed theories of self-regulating machines, influencing modern robotics.
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The Birth of Modern Robotics (1950s–1980s)

‎docs/modules/1_introduction/3_technology_for_robotics/technology_for_robotics_main.rst

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Technology for Robotics
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The field of robotics needs wide areas of technologies such as mechanical engineering,
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electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence (AI).
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Autonomous Navigation
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

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