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‎01 - Introduction/Key-concepts.md

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## **Introduction to Terraform**
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Key Concepts:
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a) **Infrastructure as a Code**
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- Managing and provisioning of infrastructure through code instead of manually
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- Files that contain configurations are created and makes it easy to edit and distribute
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- Ensures that the same environment is provisioned everytime.
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- Helps avoid undocumented, ad-hoc configuration changes
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- Easy to version control
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- Can create infrastructure in modular components
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- Gives you a template to follow for provisioning
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b) **Benefits:**
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- Cost reduction
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- Increase in speed of deployment
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- Reduce errors
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- Improve infrastructure consistency
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- Eliminate configuration drift
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##**What is Terraform?:**
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- IaaC tool from Hashicorp
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- Used for building, changing and managing infrastructure in a safe, repeatable way
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- Uses HCL - Hashicorp Configuration Language - human readable
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- Reads configuration files and provides an execution plan which can be reviewed before being applied.
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- It is platform agnostic - can manage a heterogeneous environment - multi cloud
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- State management - creates a state file when a project is first initialized. Uses this state file to create plans and make changes based on the desired and current state of the infrastructure.
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- Creates operator confidence
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##**Terraform Configuration Files**
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- Terraform uses declarative syntax to describe your Infrastructure as Code (IaC) infrastructure
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and then persist it in configuration files that can be shared, reviewed, edited, versioned,
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preserved, and reused.
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- Terraform configuration files can use either of two formats: Terraform domain-specific
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language (HashiCorpConfiguration Language format [HCL]), which is the recommended
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approach, or JSON format if the files need to be machine-readable.
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- Configuration files that use the HCL format end with the .tf file extension;
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- Those using JSON format end with the .tf.json file extension.
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- The Terraform format is human-readable, while the JSON format is machine readable

‎01 - Introduction/ReadME.md

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# Terraform & AWS CLI Installation
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## A) Prerequisites
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- Install Terraform CLI
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- Install AWS CLI
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- Install VS Code Editor - recommended for this course
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- Install HashiCorp Terraform plugin for VS Code - recommended
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## B) MACOS - Terraform Install
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- [Download Terraform MAC](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html)
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- [Install CLI](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/terraform/install-cli)
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- Unzip the package
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```
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# Copy binary zip file to a folder
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mkdir /Users/<YOUR-USER>/Documents/terraform-install
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COPY Package to "terraform-install" folder
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# Unzip
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unzip <PACKAGE-NAME>
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unzip terraform_1.0.10_darwin_amd64.zip
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# Copy terraform binary to /usr/local/bin
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echo $PATH
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mv terraform /usr/local/bin
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# Verify Version
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terraform version
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# To Uninstall Terraform (NOT REQUIRED)
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rm -rf /usr/local/bin/terraform
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```
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## C) MACOS - Install VSCode Editor and terraform plugin
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- [Microsoft Visual Studio Code Editor](https://code.visualstudio.com/download)
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- [Hashicorp Terraform Plugin for VS Code](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=HashiCorp.terraform)
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### D) MACOS - Install AWS CLI
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- [AWS CLI Install](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-chap-install.html)
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- [Install AWS CLI - MAC](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/install-cliv2-mac.html#cliv2-mac-install-cmd)
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```
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# Install AWS CLI V2
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curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/AWSCLIV2.pkg" -o "AWSCLIV2.pkg"
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sudo installer -pkg AWSCLIV2.pkg -target /
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which aws
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aws --version
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# Uninstall AWS CLI V2 (NOT REQUIRED)
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which aws
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ls -l /usr/local/bin/aws
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sudo rm /usr/local/bin/aws
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sudo rm /usr/local/bin/aws_completer
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sudo rm -rf /usr/local/aws-cli
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```
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## E) MACOS - Configure AWS Credentials
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- **Pre-requisite:** Should have AWS Account.
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- [Create an AWS Account](https://portal.aws.amazon.com/billing/signup?nc2=h_ct&src=header_signup&redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Faws.amazon.com%2Fregistration-confirmation#/start)
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- **Role**:
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-If your terraform server is in the cloud, then create a role and attach the role to your server.
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- Generate Security Credential s using AWS Management Console
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- Go to Services -> IAM -> Users -> "Your-Admin-User" -> Security Credentials -> Create Access Key
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- Configure AWS credentials using SSH Terminal on your local desktop
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# **Configure AWS Credentials in command line**
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```
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$ aws configure
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AWS Access Key ID [None]: AKIASUF7DEFKSIAWMZ7K
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AWS Secret Access Key [None]: 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
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Default region name [None]: us-west-2
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Default output format [None]: json
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# Verify if we are able list S3 buckets
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aws s3 ls
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```
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- Verify the AWS Credentials Profile
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```
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cat $HOME/.aws/credentials
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```
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#**Command to reset your AWS credentials incase of a credentials error**:
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$ for var in AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY AWS_SESSION_TOKEN AWS_SECURITY_TOKEN ; do eval unset $var ; done
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## F) Windows OS - Terraform & AWS CLI Install
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- [Download Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html)
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- [Install CLI](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/terraform/install-cli)
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- Unzip the package
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- Create new folder `binaries`
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- Copy the `terraform.exe` to a `binaries`
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- Set PATH in windows
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**How to set the windows path: Windows 8/10**
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In Search, search for and then select:
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System (Control Panel)
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Click the Advanced system settings link.
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Click Environment Variables.
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In the section System Variables find the PATH environment variable and select it.
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Click Edit. If the PATH environment variable does not exist, click New.
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In the Edit System Variable (or New System Variable) window, specify the value of the PATH environment variable.
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Click OK. Close all remaining windows by clicking OK.
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- Install [AWS CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-chap-install.html)
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## Terraform install on windows using a packet manager
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-Install terraform on windows using the windows package manager(Use powershell and install as administrator).
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**$ choco install terraform**
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## G) Linux OS - Terraform & AWS CLI Install
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- [Download Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html)
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- [Linux OS - Terraform Install](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/terraform/install-cli)
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# Install Terraform on Ubuntu:
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$sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y gnupg software-properties-common curl
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$curl -fsSL https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo apt-key add -
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$sudo apt-add-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main"
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$sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install terraform
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# Install Terraform on RHEL:
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**Install aws cli**
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sudo yum update -y
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sudo yum install curl unzip wget -y
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curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-x86_64.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"
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unzip awscliv2.zip
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sudo ./aws/install
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**Install Terraform**
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a) *Download binary*
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sudo yum update -y
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sudo yum install wget unzip -y
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sudo wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/1.4.4/terraform_1.1.4_linux_amd64.zip
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sudo unzip terraform_1.1.4_linux_amd64.zip -d /usr/local/bin
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terraform -v
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b) *Install from hashicorp repo*
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sudo yum install -y yum-utils
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sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://rpm.releases.hashicorp.com/RHEL/hashicorp.repo
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sudo yum -y install terraform

‎02 - Command basics/Commands.md

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## **Terraform basic commands**
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#**terraform init**
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• initializes a working directory containing Terraform configuration files.
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• performs
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- backend initialization
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- storage for terraform state file.
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- modules installation,
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- downloaded from terraform registry to local path
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- provider(s) plugins installation,
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- the plugins are downloaded in the sub-directory of the present working directory at the path of .terraform/plugins
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• supports -upgrade to update all previously installed plugins to the newest version that complies with the configuration’s version constraints
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• is safe to run multiple times, to bring the working directory up to date with changes in the configuration
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• does not delete the existing configuration or state
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# **terraform validate**
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• validates syntactically for format and correctness.
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• is used to validate/check the syntax of the Terraform files.
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• verifies whether a configuration is syntactically valid and internally consistent, regardless of any provided variables or existing state.
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• A syntax check is done on all the terraform files in the directory, and will display an error if any of the files doesn’t validate.
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# **terraform plan**
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• create a execution plan
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• traverses each vertex and requests each provider using parallelism
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• calculates the difference between the last-known state and
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the current state and presents this difference as the output of the terraform plan operation to user in their terminal
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• does not modify the infrastructure or state.
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• allows a user to see which actions Terraform will perform prior to making any changes to reach the desired state
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• will scan all *.tf  files in the directory and create the plan
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• will perform refresh for each resource and might hit rate limiting issues as it calls provider APIs
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• all resources refresh can be disabled or avoided using
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-refresh=false or
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target=xxxx or
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break resources into different directories.
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• supports -out to save the plan
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#**terraform apply**
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• apply changes to reach the desired state.
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• scans the current directory for the configuration and applies the changes appropriately.
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• can be provided with a explicit plan, saved as out from terraform plan
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• If no explicit plan file is given on the command line, terraform apply will create a new plan automatically
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and prompt for approval to apply it
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• will modify the infrastructure and the state.
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• if a resource successfully creates but fails during provisioning,
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- Terraform will error and mark the resource as “tainted”.
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- A resource that is tainted has been physically created, but can’t be considered safe to use since provisioning failed.
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- Terraform also does not automatically roll back and destroy the resource during the apply when the failure happens, because that would go against the execution plan: the execution plan would’ve said a resource will be created, but does not say it will ever be deleted.
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• does not import any resource.
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• supports -auto-approve to apply the changes without asking for a confirmation
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• supports -target to apply a specific module
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#**terraform refresh**
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• used to reconcile the state Terraform knows about (via its state file) with the real-world infrastructure
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• does not modify infrastructure, but does modify the state file
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destroy
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• destroy the infrastructure and all resources
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• modifies both state and infrastructure
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• terraform destroy -target can be used to destroy targeted resources
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• terraform plan -destroy allows creation of destroy plan
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#**terraform import**
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• helps import already-existing external resources, not managed by Terraform, into Terraform state and allow it to manage those resources
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• Terraform is not able to auto-generate configurations for those imported modules, for now, and requires you to first write the resource definition in Terraform and then import this resource
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#**terraform taint**
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• marks a Terraform-managed resource as tainted, forcing it to be destroyed and recreated on the next apply.
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• will not modify infrastructure, but does modify the state file in order to mark a resource as tainted. Infrastructure and state are changed in next apply.
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• can be used to taint a resource within a module
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#**terraform fmt**
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• format to lint the code into a standard format
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#**terraform console**
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• command provides an interactive console for evaluating expressions.

‎02 - Command basics/Credentials.md

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The AWS provider offers a flexible means of providing credentials for authentication. The following methods are supported, in this order, and explained below:
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- **Static credentials**
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provider "aws" {
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region = "us-west-2"
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access_key = "my-access-key"
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secret_key = "my-secret-key"
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}
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- **Environment variables**
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$ export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="accesskey"
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$ export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="secretkey"
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$ export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="us-west-2"
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- **Shared credentials/configuration file**
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provider "aws" {
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region = "us-west-2"
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shared_credentials_file = "/Users/tf_user/.aws/creds"
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profile = "dev"
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}

‎02 - Command basics/Project1/Project1-solution/project1-solution.md

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# Solution for project 1
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1) Create a new folder called: Project 1
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2) Create a VPC named "FirstVPC"
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3) CIDR range : 192.168.0.0/24
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=================================================================
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# Terraform Settings Block
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terraform {
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required_version = "~> 1.0"
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required_providers {
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aws = {
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source = "hashicorp/aws"
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version = "~> 3.0"
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# Optional but recommended in production
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}
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}
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}
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# Provider Block
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provider "aws" {
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profile = "default"
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region = "us-west-2"
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}
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# Resource Block
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resource "aws_vpc" "project1vpc" {
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cidr_block = "192.168.0.0/24"
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tags = {
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Name = "FirstVPC"
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}
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}

‎02 - Command basics/Project1/Project1-solution/vpc.tf

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# Terraform Settings Block
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terraform {
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required_version = "~> 1.0"
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required_providers {
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aws = {
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source = "hashicorp/aws"
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version = "~> 3.0"
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# Optional but recommended in production
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}
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}
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}
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# Provider Block
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provider "aws" {
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profile = "default"
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region = "us-west-2"
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}
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# Resource Block
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resource "aws_vpc" "project1vpc" {
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cidr_block = "192.168.0.0/24"
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tags = {
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Name = "FirstVPC"
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}
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}

‎02 - Command basics/Project1/project1.md

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# A simple project
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1) Create a new folder /directory called: Project 1
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2) Create a VPC named "FirstVPC"
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3) CIDR range : 192.168.0.0/24

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