- [Functions as Objects](#functions-as-objects)

- [How similar are functions and objects](#how-similar-are-functions-and-objects)

- [Is it possible to cache the return results from a function](#is-it-possible-to-cache-the-return-results-from-a-function)

- [One possible way to cache the results](#one-possible-way-to-cache-the-results)

- [Context](#context)

- [What happens if a function is an object property](#what-happens-if-a-function-is-an-object-property)

- [Instantiation](#instantiation)

- [What does the new operator do](#what-does-the-new-operator-do)

- [We have a 'this' context that is a Ninja object](#we-have-a-this-context-that-is-a-ninja-object)

- [Add a new property and method to the object](#add-a-new-property-and-method-to-the-object)

- [What happens when we forget to use the new operator](#what-happens-when-we-forget-to-use-the-new-operator)

- [Cont: What happens when we forget to use the new operator](#cont-what-happens-when-we-forget-to-use-the-new-operator)

- [We need to make sure that the new operator is always used](#we-need-to-make-sure-that-the-new-operator-is-always-used)

- [A solution using arguments.callee](#a-solution-using-arguments-callee)

- [Flexible Arguments](#flexible-arguments)

- [Using a variable number of arguments to our advantage](#using-a-variable-number-of-arguments-to-our-advantage)

- [How can we find the Min/Max number in an array](#how-can-we-find-the-min-max-number-in-an-array)

- [Another possible solution](#another-possible-solution)

- [Uh oh, what's going wrong here](#uh-oh-whats-going-wrong-here)

- [We can use built-in methods to our advantage](#we-can-use-built-in-methods-to-our-advantage)

- [We can use call and apply to build a solution](#we-can-use-call-and-apply-to-build-a-solution)

- [Closures](#closures)

- [But why doesn't this work](#but-why-doesnt-this-work)

- [Closures are frequently used for callbacks](#closures-are-frequently-used-for-callbacks)

- [They're also useful for timers](#theyre-also-useful-for-timers)

- [And they're also frequently used when attaching event listeners](#and-theyre-also-frequently-used-when-attaching-event-listeners)

- [Private properties, using closures](#private-properties-using-closures)

- [The last one is quite tricky, we'll revisit it](#the-last-one-is-quite-tricky-well-revisit-it)

- [Temporary Scope](#temporary-scope)

- [Self-executing, temporary, function](#self-executing-temporary-function)

- [Now we can handle closures and looping](#now-we-can-handle-closures-and-looping)

- [The anonymous wrapper functions are also useful for wrapping libraries](#the-anonymous-wrapper-functions-are-also-useful-for-wrapping-libraries)

- [Another way to wrap a library](#another-way-to-wrap-a-library)

- [A quick wrapper function will do the trick](#a-quick-wrapper-function-will-do-the-trick)

- [Function Prototypes](#function-prototypes)

- [Adding a prototyped method to a function](#adding-a-prototyped-method-to-a-function)

- [Properties added in the constructor (or later) override prototyped properties](#properties-added-in-the-constructor-or-later-override-prototyped-properties)

- [Prototyped properties affect all objects of the same constructor, simultaneously, even if they already exist](#prototyped-properties-affect-all-objects-of-the-same-constructor-simultaneously-even-if-they-already-exist)

- [The chainable method must return this](#the-chainable-method-must-return-this)

- [Instance Type](#instance-type)

- [Examining the basics of an object](#examining-the-basics-of-an-object)

- [We can still use the constructor to build other instances](#we-can-still-use-the-constructor-to-build-other-instances)

- [Use the .constructor property to dig in](#use-the-constructor-property-to-dig-in)

- [Inheritance](#inheritance)

- [The basics of how prototypal inheritance works](#the-basics-of-how-prototypal-inheritance-works)

- [The result is rather straight-forward](#the-result-is-rather-straight-forward)

- [Built-in Prototypes](#built-in-prototypes)

- [We can also modify built-in object prototypes](#we-can-also-modify-built-in-object-prototypes)

- [We can use it to implement method overloading](#we-can-use-it-to-implement-method-overloading)

- [How method overloading might work, using the function length property](#how-method-overloading-might-work-using-the-function-length-property)

- [Quizzes](#quizzes)