<list> = list(<iter>) # Returns a list of iterator's remaining elements.

from itertools import count, repeat, cycle, chain, islice

(<class 'str'>, <class 'str'>, <class 'str'>)

from types import FunctionType, MethodType, LambdaType, GeneratorType

{90:c} # 'Z'

{90:b} # '1011010'

* **Partial is also useful in cases when function needs to be passed as an argument, because it enables us to set its arguments beforehand.**

* **A few examples being: `'defaultdict(<function>)'`, `'iter(<function>, to_exclusive)'` and dataclass's `'field(default_factory=<function>)'`.**

**If variable is being assigned to anywhere in the scope, it is regarded as a local variable, unless it is declared as a 'global' or a 'nonlocal'.**

arguments = sys.argv[1:]

from argparse import ArgumentParser, FileType

p = ArgumentParser(description=<str>)

<list> = dir(<object>) # Names of object's attributes (incl. methods).

<dict> = vars(<object>) # Dict of object's fields. Also <obj>.__dict__.

<bool> = hasattr(<object>, '<attr_name>')

value = getattr(<object>, '<attr_name>')

setattr(<object>, '<attr_name>', value)

async def main_coroutine(screen):

state = {'*': P(0, 0), **{id_: P(30, 10) for id_ in range(10)}}

moves = asyncio.Queue()

human_controller(screen, moves),

model(moves, state, *screen.getmaxyx()),

await asyncio.wait(coros, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)

async def random_controller(id_, moves):

pg.display.flip()

**Object for storing rectangular coordinates.**

<Rect> = pg.Rect(x, y, width, height)

<Sound>.play() # Starts playing the sound.

from random import randint

P = collections.namedtuple('P', 'x y') # Position

<pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span>type(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>), <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>.__class__, str

(&lt;<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-title">class</span> '<span class="hljs-title">str</span>'&gt;, &lt;<span class="hljs-title">class</span> '<span class="hljs-title">str</span>'&gt;, &lt;<span class="hljs-title">class</span> '<span class="hljs-title">str</span>'&gt;)

<div><h3 id="abstractbaseclasses">Abstract Base Classes</h3><p><strong>Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not.</strong></p><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-meta">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> collections.abc <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> Sequence, Collection, Iterable

| 567.89 | '5.7e+02' | '567.89' | '5.68e+02' | '56789.00%' |

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

{<span class="hljs-number">90</span>:b} <span class="hljs-comment"># '1011010'</span>

{<span class="hljs-number">90</span>:X} <span class="hljs-comment"># '5A'</span>

<li><strong>Partial is also useful in cases when function needs to be passed as an argument, because it enables us to set its arguments beforehand.</strong></li>

<li><strong>A few examples being: <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'defaultdict(&lt;function&gt;)'</span></code>, <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'iter(&lt;function&gt;, to_exclusive)'</span></code> and dataclass's <code class="python hljs"><span class="hljs-string">'field(default_factory=&lt;function&gt;)'</span></code>.</strong></li>

i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>

<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">out</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>:</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword">nonlocal</span> i

arguments = sys.argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>:]

p = ArgumentParser(description=&lt;str&gt;)

p.add_argument(<span class="hljs-string">'-&lt;short_name&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'--&lt;name&gt;'</span>, action=<span class="hljs-string">'store_true'</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Flag</span>

p.add_argument(<span class="hljs-string">'-&lt;short_name&gt;'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'--&lt;name&gt;'</span>, type=&lt;type&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Option</span>

<div><h3 id="attributes-1">Attributes</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs">&lt;list&gt; = dir(&lt;object&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Names of object's attributes (incl. methods).</span>

&lt;dict&gt; = vars(&lt;object&gt;) <span class="hljs-comment"># Dict of object's fields. Also &lt;obj&gt;.__dict__.</span>

value = getattr(&lt;object&gt;, <span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;'</span>)

setattr(&lt;object&gt;, <span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;'</span>, value)

delattr(&lt;object&gt;, <span class="hljs-string">'&lt;attr_name&gt;'</span>)

<div><h3 id="parameters-1">Parameters</h3><pre><code class="python language-python hljs"><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> inspect <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> signature

&lt;sig&gt; = signature(&lt;function&gt;)

no_of_params = len(&lt;sig&gt;.parameters)

<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">main_coroutine</span><span class="hljs-params">(screen)</span>:</span>

state = {<span class="hljs-string">'*'</span>: P(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>), **{id_: P(<span class="hljs-number">30</span>, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> id_ <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> range(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)}}

moves = asyncio.Queue()

human_controller(screen, moves),

model(moves, state, *screen.getmaxyx()),

<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> asyncio.wait(coros, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)

<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">random_controller</span><span class="hljs-params">(id_, moves)</span>:</span>

&lt;int&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.x/y/centerx/centery/…

&lt;tup.&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.topleft/center/…

&lt;Rect&gt; = &lt;Rect&gt;.move((x, y))

&lt;Sound&gt;.play() <span class="hljs-comment"># Starts playing the sound.</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> random <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> randint

P = collections.namedtuple(<span class="hljs-string">'P'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'x y'</span>) <span class="hljs-comment"># Position</span>

<strong>all function, <a href="#anyall">11</a></strong><br>

<strong>animation, <a href="#animation">40</a></strong><br>

<strong>any function, <a href="#anyall">11</a></strong><br>

<strong>arguments, <a href="#arguments">10</a></strong><br>

<strong>arrays, <a href="#array">29</a></strong><br>

<strong>audio, <a href="#audio">40</a>-<a href="#writefloatsamplestowavfile">41</a></strong> </p>