HAP2

Three haplotypes were identified in China: Hap1 (dark red), Hap2 (orange), and Hap3 (dark yellow).

Populations from East Malaysia (Sarawak) and West Malaysia (Kedah and Pulau Pinang) are genetically alike with the evidence of sharing of the same haplotype (hap2) and nonsignificant Fst value, whereas, morphologically, the island of Borneo in this study case was discriminated from Peninsular Malaysia as witnessed by the second stage of multivariate discriminant analysis.

The conserved plant sterility gene HAP2 functions after attachment of fusogenic membranes in Chlamydomonas and Plasmodium gametes.

Chlamy can reproduce sexually, not with egg and sperm, but rather with some cells roughly corresponding to "female" and "male." After realizing that the Plasmodium species, including the one that causes malaria in humans, also use "female" and "male" cells to reproduce, Snell found that blocking HAP2 in Plasmodium cells stops the fusing step.

About 86% of individuals in generations 0 to 17 of Langshang chicken shared haplotype Hap2. For generations 10 to 17 sharing of Hap5 indicated that the COI barcodes were more stable in different generations.

Diarrhea individuals were mainly distributed in Hap2, 5, 8, 10, and 14, which takes 47.92% of the total diarrhea individuals (46/96), therefore, those 5 haplotypes may be susceptible to piglet diarrhea; no diarrhea piglets were in Hap9, it may be the resistant haplotype.

Hap1, Hap2, and Hap3 were found in the populations from Shandong (97.7%), Beijing (100.0%), Yunnan (100.0%), and California (80.0%).

Haplotypes and their frequencies of the five SNPs Haplotype SNPs Frequency Hap1 AGCTG 0.5026 Hap2 CCTCC 0.4634 Hap3 AGCCG 0.0196 Hap4 CGCCG 0.0092 Hap5 CGTTG 0.0039 Hap6 CCTCG 0.0013 Table 6.

Moreover, Hap1 and Hap2 (present in seven and nine breeds, respectively) are the numerical dominating haplotypes.