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The standard model{{By whom|date=August 2020}} for the entry of the Indo-European languages into India is that Indo-Aryan migrants went over the [[Hindu Kush]], forming the [[Gandhara grave culture]] or Swat culture, in present-day [[Swat District|Swat valley]], into the headwaters of either the [[Indus River|Indus]] or the [[Ganges]] (probably both). The [[Gandhara grave culture]], which emerged c. 1600 BCE, and flourished from c. 1500 BCE to 500 BCE in Gandhara, modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, is thus the most likely locus of the earliest bearers of Rigvedic culture.
According to Parpola, Indo-Aryan clans migrated into South Asia in subsequent waves.{{sfn|Parpola|2015}} This explains the diversity of views found in the Rig Veda, and may also explain the existence of various Indo-Aryan cultural complexes in the later Vedic period, namely the Vedic culture centered on the [[Kuru Kingdom]] in the heartland of [[Aryavarta]] in the western Ganges plain, and the cultural complex of [[Greater Magadha]] at the eastern Ganges plain, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|
Parpola postulates a first wave of immigration from as early as 1900 BCE, corresponding to the [[Cemetery H culture]] and the [[Copper Hoard Culture]], c.q. [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]], and an immigration to the Punjab ca. 1700–1400 BCE.{{sfn|Parpola|1998}}{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}{{refn|group=note|However, this culture may also represent forerunners of the Indo-Iranians, similar to the [[Lullubi]] and Kassite invasion of Mesopotamia early in the second millennium BCE.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}}} ▼
▲Writing in 1998, Parpola
In 2020, prposed an early wave of proto-Indo-Iranian speaking people into India, related to the Copper Hoard Culture:
{{quote|It seems, then, that the earliest Aryan-speaking immigrants to South Asia, the [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard people]], came with bull-drawn carts (Sanauli and Daimabad) via the BMAC and had Proto-IndoIranian as their language. They were, however, soon followed (and probably at least partially absorbed) by early Indo-Aryans.{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=191}}}}▼
According to Kochhar there were three waves of Indo-Aryan immigration that occurred after the mature Harappan phase:{{sfn|Kochhar|2000|pp=185–186}}
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The Puranas also record that the [[Druhyus]] were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by Mandhatr and that their next king Gandhara settled in a north-western region which became known as [[Gandhara]]. The sons of the later Druhyu king [[Prachetas]] are supposed by some to have 'migrated' to the region north of Afghanistan though the Puranic texts only speak of an "adjacent" settlement.<ref>[[Bhagavata Purana]] 9.23.15–16; [[Visnu Purana]] 4.17.5; [[Vayu Purana]] 99.11–12; [[Brahmanda Purana]] 3.74.11–12 and [[Matsya Purana]] 48.9.</ref>{{refn|see e.g. {{harvnb|Pargiter|1979}}, {{harvnb|Talageri|1993}}, {{harvnb|Talageri|2000}}, {{harvnb|Bryant|2001}}, {{harvnb|Elst|1999}}}}
▲According to Parpola, Indo-Aryan clans migrated into South Asia in subsequent waves.{{sfn|Parpola|2015}} This explains the diversity of views found in the Rig Veda, and may also explain the existence of various Indo-Aryan cultural complexes in the later Vedic period, namely the Vedic culture centered on the [[Kuru Kingdom]] in the heartland of [[Aryavarta]] in the western Ganges plain, and the cultural complex of [[Greater Magadha]] at the eastern Ganges plain, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015}} {{harvtxt|Parpola|2020}}:
▲{{quote|It seems, then, that the earliest Aryan-speaking immigrants to South Asia, the [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard people]], came with bull-drawn carts (Sanauli and Daimabad) via the BMAC and had Proto-IndoIranian as their language. They were, however, soon followed (and probably at least partially absorbed) by early Indo-Aryans.{{sfn|Parpola|2020|p=191}}}}
==Ecology==
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