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==Occurrence==
[[File:2005palladium (mined).PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|Palladium output in 2005]]
As overall mine production of palladium reached 210,000 kilograms in 2022, [[Russia]] was the top producer with 88,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada, the U.S., and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite
Palladium can be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other platinum-group metals in [[placer mining|placer]] deposits of the [[Ural Mountains]], [[Australia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. For the production of palladium, these deposits play only a minor role. The most important commercial sources are [[nickel]]-[[copper]] deposits found in the [[Sudbury Basin]], [[Ontario]], and the [[Norilsk|Norilsk–Talnakh]] deposits in [[Siberia]]. The other large deposit is the [[Merensky Reef]] [[platinum group]] metals deposit within the [[Bushveld Igneous Complex]] [[South Africa]]. The [[Stillwater igneous complex]] of [[Montana]] and the Roby zone ore body of the [[Lac des Îles igneous complex]] of Ontario are the two other sources of palladium in Canada and the United States.<ref name="USGS07CS" /><ref name="USGS07YB">{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2007-plati.pdf|title=Platinum-Group Metals|date=January 2007|work=Mineral Yearbook 2007|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Palladium is found in the rare minerals [[cooperite (mineral)|cooperite]]<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|date=1994|volume=58|issue= 2|pages=223–234|title=Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex|first1=Sabine M. C.| last1 =Verryn|first2=Roland K. W.|last2=Merkle|doi=10.1180/minmag.1994.058.391.05|bibcode=1994MinM...58..223V|citeseerx=10.1.1.610.640|s2cid=53128786 }}</ref> and [[polarite]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Genkin|first1 = A. D.|last2 = Evstigneeva|first2 = T. L.|date = 1986|title = Associations of platinum- group minerals of the Norilsk copper-nickel sulfide ores|journal = Economic Geology|volume = 81|pages = 1203–1212|doi = 10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1203|issue = 5| bibcode=1986EcGeo..81.1203G }}</ref> Many more Pd minerals are known, but all of them are very rare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org - Mines, Minerals and More|website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>
Palladium is also produced in [[nuclear fission]] reactors and can be extracted from [[spent nuclear fuel]] (see [[synthesis of precious metals]]), though this source for palladium is not used. None of the existing [[nuclear reprocessing]] facilities are equipped to extract palladium from the [[high-level radioactive waste]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part I PART I: General Considerations and Basic Chemistry|url =http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v47-i2-074-087.pdf| first1 =Zdenek|last1 =Kolarik|first2 =Edouard V.|last2 =Renard| journal = Platinum Metals Review|volume = 47|issue = 2|date = 2003|pages = 74–87}}</ref> A complication for the recovery of
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