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{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
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| image = PIA17369-NASA-Bacteria-TersicoccusPhoenicis-20131106.jpg
⚫
| name = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''
⚫
| image_caption = Microscopic image<!--Credits are on the image description page.--><ref name="NASA-20131106" />
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| image = PIA17369-NASA-Bacteria-TersicoccusPhoenicis-20131106.jpg
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| taxon = Tersicoccus phoenicis
| image_width = 250px
| authority = Vaishampayan ''et al''. 2013<ref name="NASA-20131106"/><ref name="NIH-201307"/>
⚫
| image_caption = Microscopic image of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''<!--Credits are on the image description page.--><ref name="NASA-20131106" />
| type_strain = 1P05MA<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, Parte AC | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/tersicoccus-phoenicis | title = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' | access-date = June 16, 2022 | publisher = [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref><br>DSM 30849<br>NRRL B-59547
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
| classis = [[Actinobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Actinomycetales]]
| familia = [[Micrococcaceae]]
| genus = '''''Tersicoccus'''''
| species = '''''T. phoenicis'''''
| binomial = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''
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| binomial_authority = Vaishampayan, ''et. al.'', 2013<ref name="NASA-20131106">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319 |title=Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms |work=[[NASA]].gov |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=November 6, 2013 |accessdate=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NIH-201307">{{cite journal |title=Description of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from spacecraft assembly clean room environments |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Christine |last2=Moissl-Eichinger |first3=Rüdiger |last3=Pukall |first4=Peter |last4=Schumann |first5=Cathrin |last5=Spröer |first6=Angela |last6=Augustus |first7=Anne |last7=Hayden Roberts |first8=Greg |last8=Namba |first9=Jessica |last9=Cisneros |first10=Tina |last10=Salmassi |first11=Kasthuri |last11=Venkateswaran |display-authors=9 |volume=63 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=2463-2471 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23223813 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.047134-0}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''''Tersicoccus phoenicis''''' is an [[aerobic organism|aerobic]], [[motility|non-motile]], [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] [[cocci]] member of the family [[Micrococcaceae]]. It is associated with two strains: ''1P05MA<sup>T</sup>'' and ''KO_PS43''.<ref name="NIH-201307" /> The [[bacteria]] is berry-shaped and found in [[cleanroom|spacecraft assembly clean room facilities]]: ''Tersi'' is from the Latin for clean, ''coccus'' is from the Greek for berry and ''phoenicis'' is derived from NASA's [[Phoenix Mars Lander]], the spacecraft being prepared in 2007 when these bacterium were first discovered in its Florida clean room.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
'''''Tersicoccus phoenicis''''' is a member of the bacterial family [[Micrococcaceae]]. It has only been found in two [[Cleanroom|spacecraft assembly clean room facilities]] and is resistant to the methods normally used to clean such facilities. The species name is derived from ''tersi'', Latin for clean; ''coccus'', Greek for berry; and ''phoenicis'', from NASA's [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'' lander]], the spacecraft being prepared when these bacteria were first discovered.<ref name="NASA-20131106"/>


== Occurrence ==
== Occurrence ==
''T. phoenicis'' have been found in only two locations on Earth. They were independently found in the geographically separated clean room facilities at [[Kennedy Space Center]] in [[Florida]], USA, and at [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[Kourou]], French Guiana).<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="NIH-201307" />
''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' are only known to exist at two locations on Earth, and were independently found in geographically separated clean room facilities nearly {{convert|2500|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=on}} apart.<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="NIH-201307" /> One example was located during a 2007 microbial test swabbing of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'' lander]]{{'s}} clean room floor in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at [[Kennedy Space Center]] ([[Florida]], United States),<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="dsmz30849" /> while the other was found in the [[Herschel Space Observatory]]'s clean room at [[Guiana Space Centre]] ([[Kourou]], French Guiana).<ref name="dsmz30842" />


Parag Vaishampayan, a microbiologist with NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], suggests that this species may exist naturally outside of the clean room environment but has not been seen before due to the difficulty in isolating a single microbe type among the wide variety of different types found in nature.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
== Microbiology ==

These bacteria maintain their coccidial morphology throughout their growth. The rod–coccus life cycle typically observed in nearly all [[Arthrobacter]] species was not present.<ref name="NIH-201307" />
== Characteristics ==
These bacteria are non-[[spore]]-forming, [[aerobic organism|aerobic]], [[motility|non-motile]], and [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]].<ref name="NIH-201307" /><ref name="techbrief20120601"/> They are roughly spherical ([[coccus]]) in shape and measure approximately {{convert|0.00004|in|μm|0|disp=flip}} in diameter.<ref name="telegraph20131107"/> This species maintains a coccal [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] throughout their growth; the rod–coccus life cycle typically observed in nearly all ''[[Arthrobacter]]'' species is not present.<ref name="NIH-201307" /> They are able to survive in environments with few nutrients.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />

Two [[strain (biology)|strains]] of ''T. phoenicis'' are known to exist, one at each discovery site: ''1P05MA<sup>T</sup>'' at the American facility and ''KO_PS43'' at the French Guianan facility.<ref name="dsmz30849" /><ref name="dsmz30842" />


== Significance ==
== Significance ==
Because species like ''T. phoenicis'' are hardy enough to survive the [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] measures used in spacecraft clean rooms, scientists study them and index their genetic material so that if a potential [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] bacterium were returned to Earth aboard a spacecraft, it could be compared to the index and ruled out as something that may have been originally launched with the spacecraft. Additionally, by examining the characteristics of resistant microbes such as ''T. phoenicis'', scientists may be able to develop improved sterilization methods.<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="techbrief20120601"/><ref name="cnet20131107" /> This is necessary to [[planetary protection|prevent the contamination]] of other celestial bodies by organisms aboard visiting spacecraft,<ref name="cnet20131107" /> which may have already occurred with the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] on [[Mars]].<ref name="sciamer20111201"/><ref name="NAT-20140519"/>
According to microbiologist Parag Vaishampayan of NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] and lead author of studies about the microbe, "We want to have a better understanding of these bugs, because the capabilities that adapt them for surviving in clean rooms might also let them survive on a spacecraft. This particular bug survives with almost no nutrients."<ref name="NASA-20131106" />

== Recognition ==
On May 23, 2014, the [[International Institute for Species Exploration]] (IISE) declared the bacterium as one of its "Top 10 New Species of 2014", selected from species discovered in 2013, due to the unusual location of its discovery and resistance to sterilization.<ref name="esftop10"/><ref name="natgeo20140522"/><ref name="irish20140522"/>


== See also ==
== See also ==
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Tersicoccus phoenicis}}
* [[EXPOSE]]
* ''[[Bacillus safensis]]''
* [[Extremophile]]
* [[Interplanetary contamination]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em| |refs=
⚫
{{wikispecies|Tersicoccus phoenicis}}
<ref name="NASA-20131106">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319 |title=Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms |work=[[NASA]].gov |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

⚫
<ref name="NIH-201307">{{cite journal |title=Description of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from spacecraft assembly clean room environments |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Christine |last2=Moissl-Eichinger |first3=Rüdiger |last3=Pukall |first4=Peter |last4=Schumann |first5=Cathrin |last5=Spröer |first6=Angela |last6=Augustus |first7=Anne |last7=Hayden Roberts |first8=Greg |last8=Namba |first9=Jessica |last9=Cisneros |first10=Tina |last10=Salmassi |first11=Kasthuri |last11=Venkateswaran |display-authors=5 |volume=63 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=2463–2471 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23223813 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.047134-0}}</ref>

<ref name="dsmz30849">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-30849.html |title=Details: DSM-30849 |publisher=Leibniz Institut DSMZ |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="dsmz30842">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-30842.html |title=Details: DSM-30842 |publisher=Leibniz Institut DSMZ |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="techbrief20120601">{{cite news |url=http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/13890 |title=Hardy Bacterium Isolated From Two Geographically Distinct Spacecraft Assembly Cleanroom Facilities |work=NASA Tech Briefs |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Kasthuri |last2=Venkateswaran |first3=Petra |last3=Schwendner |first4=Christine |last4=Moissl-Eichinger |date=June 1, 2012 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="telegraph20131107">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10432816/New-life-found-in-Nasas-spacecraft-clean-rooms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110060028/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10432816/New-life-found-in-Nasas-spacecraft-clean-rooms.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |title=New life found in Nasa's spacecraft clean rooms |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="cnet20131107">{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57611307-1/new-species-of-microbe-thrives-in-spacecraft-clean-rooms/ |title=New species of microbe thrives in spacecraft clean rooms |work=CNET.com |first=Amanda |last=Kooser |date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="sciamer20111201">{{cite news |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-mars-rover-curiositt/ |title=NASA's Mars Rover Curiosity Had Planetary Protection Slipup |work=[[Scientific American]] |first=Leonard |last=David |date=December 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530025217/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-mars-rover-curiositt/ |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NAT-20140519">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/microbial-stowaways-to-mars-identified-1.15249 |title=Microbial stowaways to Mars identified |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first=Jyoti |last=Madhusoodanan |date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=May 23, 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15249|s2cid=87409424 }}</ref>

<ref name="esftop10">{{cite web |url=http://www.esf.edu/top10/08.htm |title=Clean Room Microbes: Alien Invaders? |series=Top 10 New Species of 2014 |publisher=State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524003729/http://www.esf.edu/top10/08.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="natgeo20140522">{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140522-top-ten-new-species-2014-biodiversity/ |title=Top 10 New Species of 2014 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=Jennifer |last=Frazer |date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525173520/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140522-top-ten-new-species-2014-biodiversity/ |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="irish20140522">{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/tinkerbell-and-cuddly-bears-top-new-species-list-1.1804252 |title=Tinkerbell and cuddly bears top new species list |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |first=Dick |last=Ahlstrom |date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525080616/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/tinkerbell-and-cuddly-bears-top-new-species-list-1.1804252 |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=554083 ''T. phoenicis''] at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=554083 ''T. phoenicis''] at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]
* [http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/382087 ''T. phoenicis''] at StrainInfo.net
* [https://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?site=search&rd=23112 ''T. phoenicis'' type strain] at [[BacDive|Bac''Dive'']]
* [http://www.bacterio.net/t/tersicoccus.html ''T. phoenicis''] at LPSN/Bacterio.net


{{Bacteria}}
{{Bacteria}}
{{Portal bar|Biology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15139876}}


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[[Category:Micrococcineae]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 2013]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 2013]]
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[[Category:Micrococcaceae]]

[[Category:Extremophiles]]
{{bacteria-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:04, 18 November 2023

Tersicoccus phoenicis
Microscopic image[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Micrococcales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Tersicoccus
Species:
T. phoenicis
Binomial name
Tersicoccus phoenicis
Vaishampayan et al. 2013[1][2]
Type strain
1P05MA[3]
DSM 30849
NRRL B-59547

Tersicoccus phoenicis is a member of the bacterial family Micrococcaceae. It has only been found in two spacecraft assembly clean room facilities and is resistant to the methods normally used to clean such facilities. The species name is derived from tersi, Latin for clean; coccus, Greek for berry; and phoenicis, from NASA's Phoenix lander, the spacecraft being prepared when these bacteria were first discovered.[1]

Occurrence

[edit]

Tersicoccus phoenicis are only known to exist at two locations on Earth, and were independently found in geographically separated clean room facilities nearly 4,000 km (2,500 mi) apart.[1][2] One example was located during a 2007 microbial test swabbing of the Phoenix lander's clean room floor in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at Kennedy Space Center (Florida, United States),[1][4] while the other was found in the Herschel Space Observatory's clean room at Guiana Space Centre (Kourou, French Guiana).[5]

Parag Vaishampayan, a microbiologist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, suggests that this species may exist naturally outside of the clean room environment but has not been seen before due to the difficulty in isolating a single microbe type among the wide variety of different types found in nature.[1]

Characteristics

[edit]

These bacteria are non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-motile, and Gram-positive.[2][6] They are roughly spherical (coccus) in shape and measure approximately 1 micrometre (0.00004 in) in diameter.[7] This species maintains a coccal morphology throughout their growth; the rod–coccus life cycle typically observed in nearly all Arthrobacter species is not present.[2] They are able to survive in environments with few nutrients.[1]

Two strains of T. phoenicis are known to exist, one at each discovery site: 1P05MAT at the American facility and KO_PS43 at the French Guianan facility.[4][5]

Significance

[edit]

Because species like T. phoenicis are hardy enough to survive the sterilization measures used in spacecraft clean rooms, scientists study them and index their genetic material so that if a potential extraterrestrial bacterium were returned to Earth aboard a spacecraft, it could be compared to the index and ruled out as something that may have been originally launched with the spacecraft. Additionally, by examining the characteristics of resistant microbes such as T. phoenicis, scientists may be able to develop improved sterilization methods.[1][6][8] This is necessary to prevent the contamination of other celestial bodies by organisms aboard visiting spacecraft,[8] which may have already occurred with the Curiosity rover on Mars.[9][10]

Recognition

[edit]

On May 23, 2014, the International Institute for Species Exploration (IISE) declared the bacterium as one of its "Top 10 New Species of 2014", selected from species discovered in 2013, due to the unusual location of its discovery and resistance to sterilization.[11][12][13]

See also

[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Tersicoccus phoenicis.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Webster, Guy (November 6, 2013). "Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms". NASA.gov. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d Vaishampayan, Parag; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine; Pukall, Rüdiger; Schumann, Peter; Spröer, Cathrin; et al. (July 2013). "Description of Tersicoccus phoenicis gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from spacecraft assembly clean room environments". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 7): 2463–2471. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.047134-0. PMID 23223813.
  3. ^ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Tersicoccus phoenicis". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Details: DSM-30849". Leibniz Institut DSMZ. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Details: DSM-30842". Leibniz Institut DSMZ. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Vaishampayan, Parag; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri; Schwendner, Petra; Moissl-Eichinger, Christine (June 1, 2012). "Hardy Bacterium Isolated From Two Geographically Distinct Spacecraft Assembly Cleanroom Facilities". NASA Tech Briefs. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  7. ^ "New life found in Nasa's spacecraft clean rooms". The Daily Telegraph. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  8. ^ a b Kooser, Amanda (November 7, 2013). "New species of microbe thrives in spacecraft clean rooms". CNET.com. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  9. ^ David, Leonard (December 1, 2011). "NASA's Mars Rover Curiosity Had Planetary Protection Slipup". Scientific American. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014.
  10. ^ Madhusoodanan, Jyoti (May 19, 2014). "Microbial stowaways to Mars identified". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15249. S2CID 87409424. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  11. ^ "Clean Room Microbes: Alien Invaders?". Top 10 New Species of 2014. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014.
  12. ^ Frazer, Jennifer (May 22, 2014). "Top 10 New Species of 2014". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014.
  13. ^ Ahlstrom, Dick (May 22, 2014). "Tinkerbell and cuddly bears top new species list". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014.
[edit]
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