kel

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kel"

Cypriot Arabic

Root
'-k-l
4 terms

Etymology

Inherited from Arabic أَكَلَ (ʔakala).

Verb

kel I (present pkyakol)

to eat
to wear down

References

Borg, Alexander (2004) A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 142

Czech

Czech Wikipedia has an article on:

kel

Wikipedia ^cs

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈkɛl]
Hyphenation: kel
Rhymes: -ɛl

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech kel, from Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.

Noun

kel m inan

tusk

Declension

Declension of kel (hard masculine inanimate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kly
genitive	klu	klů
dative	klu	klům
accusative	kel	kly
vocative	kle	kly
locative	klu	klech
instrumental	klem	kly

Etymology 2

Related to older klí (“embryo, germ”).

Noun

kel m inan or f

(obsolete, botany) embryo, germ
Synonyms: klíček, embryo, klík (obsolete), klíč (rare)

Declension

Declension of kel (hard masculine inanimate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kly
genitive	klu	klů
dative	klu	klům
accusative	kel	kly
vocative	kle	kly
locative	klu	klech
instrumental	klem	kly

Derived terms

klíček

Danish

Etymology

From German Kehle.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /keːl/, [kʰeːˀl]

Noun

kel c (singular definite kelen, plural indefinite kele)

hollow moulding, cavetto
valley

Inflection

Declension of kel

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	kel	kelen	kele	kelene
genitive	kels	kelens	keles	kelenes

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈkɛl]
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: kel
Rhymes: -ɛl

Etymology 1

From Proto-Ugric *kälä-, possibly derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kälä- (“to ford”).^[1] Akin to Northern Mansi ква̄луӈкве (kvāluňkve, “to rise”).

Alternative forms

kél (archaic, except in some phrases like lába kél)

Verb

kel

(obsolete) come and go, get about (to transport oneself from place to place)^[2]
(intransitive) to get up, rise (from sleep; occasionally more broadly from a lying or sitting position)
Synonyms: felkel, feláll
(intransitive, of the sun or moon) to rise
Synonym: felkel
(intransitive, of a seedling) to sprout, shoot, bud, germinate
Synonyms: sarjad, kibújik
(intransitive, of a young bird or insect) to hatch (to be hatched)
(intransitive, cooking, of dough) to rise
(intransitive, figuratively, in expressions) to start, set off, take off
Synonyms: kezd, indul, (in expressions) ered
(intransitive, figuratively, archaic or poetic) to rise, arise (chiefly of emotions, their outward expressions, or natural forces like wind)
Synonyms: keletkezik, kezdődik, támad
(intransitive, marketing, chiefly after adverbs) to be sought-after, in demand
Synonyms: kelendő, eladható, kapós, keresett, fogy
(intransitive, of a piece of writing) to be dated (only in the past tense)
Synonyms: íródik, létrejön

Conjugation

conjugation of kel

Other forms	Verbal noun		Present part.	Past part.	Future part.	Adverbial participle		Causative
Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indicative mood	Present	Indef.	kelek	kelsz	kel	kelünk	keltek	kelnek
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	keltem	keltél	kelt	keltünk	keltetek	keltek
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Future		Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. kelni fog.
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	kelék	kelél	kele	kelénk	kelétek	kelének
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. kel vala, kelt vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	kelendek	kelendesz	kelend	kelendünk	kelendetek	kelendenek
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Conditional mood	Present	Indef.	kelnék	kelnél	kelne	kelnénk	kelnétek	kelnének
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kelt volna
Subjunctive mood	Present	Indef.	keljek	kelj or keljél	keljen	keljünk	keljetek	keljenek
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kelt légyen
Infinitive	kelni		kelnem	kelned	kelnie	kelnünk	kelnetek	kelniük
Other forms	kelés		kelő	kelt	―	kelve (kelvén)

potential conjugation of kel

Click for archaic forms			1st person sg	2nd person sg informal	3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal	1st person pl	2nd person pl informal	3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal
Indicative mood	Present	Indef.	kelhetek	kelhetsz	kelhet	kelhetünk	kelhettek	kelhetnek
		Def.	intransitive verb, definite forms are not used
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past	Indef.	kelhettem	kelhettél	kelhetett	kelhettünk	kelhettetek	kelhettek
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Preterit	Indef.	kelheték	kelhetél	kelhete	kelheténk	kelhetétek	kelhetének
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Archaic Past		Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. kelhet vala, kelhetett vala/volt.
	Archaic Future	Indef.	kelhetendek or kelandhatok	kelhetendesz or kelandhatsz	kelhetend or kelandhat	kelhetendünk or kelandhatunk	kelhetendetek or kelandhattok	kelhetendenek or kelandhatnak
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
Conditional mood	Present	Indef.	kelhetnék	kelhetnél	kelhetne	kelhetnénk	kelhetnétek	kelhetnének
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	Past		Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. kelhetett volna
Subjunctive mood	Present	Indef.	kelhessek	kelhess or kelhessél	kelhessen	kelhessünk	kelhessetek	kelhessenek
		Def.	―
		2nd-p. o.	―
	(Archaic) Past		Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. kelhetett légyen
Inf.	(kelhetni)		(kelhetnem)	(kelhetned)	(kelhetnie)	(kelhetnünk)	(kelhetnetek)	(kelhetniük)
Positive adjective			―	Neg. adj.	―	Adv. part.	(kelhetve / kelhetvén)

Derived terms

Compound words

jár-kel

(With verbal prefixes):

Expressions

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Bavarian Keel (“Savoy cabbage”), from Latin caulis (“stem, stalk, cabbage”).

Noun

kel (plural kelek)

Savoy cabbage
Synonym: kelkáposzta
(in phrases and compounds) a type of Brassica (cabbage and similar plants), including kale, cauliflower, napa cabbage, and Brussels sprout
Hyponyms: fodros kel, kínai kel

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kelek
accusative	kelt	keleket
dative	kelnek	keleknek
instrumental	kellel	kelekkel
causal-final	kelért	kelekért
translative	kellé	kelekké
terminative	kelig	kelekig
essive-formal	kelként	kelekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	kelben	kelekben
superessive	kelen	keleken
adessive	kelnél	keleknél
illative	kelbe	kelekbe
sublative	kelre	kelekre
allative	kelhez	kelekhez
elative	kelből	kelekből
delative	kelről	kelekről
ablative	keltől	kelektől
non-attributive possessive - singular	kelé	keleké
non-attributive possessive - plural	keléi	kelekéi

Possessive forms of kel
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	kelem	keljeim
2nd person sing.	keled	keljeid
3rd person sing.	kelje	keljei
1st person plural	kelünk	keljeink
2nd person plural	keletek	keljeitek
3rd person plural	keljük	keljeik

Derived terms

Compound words

References

^ Entry #259 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
^ kel in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

From Portuguese aquilo.

Pronoun

kel

that

Northern Kurdish

Noun

kel f

thing
heat

Old Czech

Alternative forms

keł (alternative writing)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈkɛɫ/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈkɛl/

Noun

kel m inan

tusk
culm (?)

Declension

Declension of kel (hard o-stem reducible)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	kel	kly	kli, klové
genitive	kla, klu	klú	klóv
dative	klu	kloma	klóm
accusative	kel	kly	kly
vocative	kle	kly	kli, klové
locative	kle, klu	klú	kléch
instrumental	klem	kloma	kly

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Descendants

Czech: kel

Old French

Contraction

kel

contraction of ke le (that it)

Slovak

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kel]

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Bavarian Keel (“Savoy cabbage”), from Latin caulis (“stem, stalk, cabbage”).

Noun

kel m inan (related adjective kelový)

savoy

Declension

Declension of kel (pattern dub)

	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kely
genitive	kelu	kelov
dative	kelu	kelom
accusative	kel	kely
locative	keli	keloch
instrumental	kelom	kelmi

Derived terms

do kelu

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.

Noun

kel m inan (related adjective klový)

tusk

Declension

Declension of kel (pattern stroj)

	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kle
genitive	kla	klov
dative	klu	klom
accusative	kel	kle
locative	kli	kloch
instrumental	klom	klami

Sranan Tongo

Noun

kel

guy, dude
- c. 1950, Sophie Redmond, “Datra Papa [A doctor's father]”, in Thea Doelwijt, editor, Kri, kra! Proza van Suriname [Kri, kra! Prose from Suriname]‎^[1], Paramaribo: Bureau Volkslectuur, published 1972, page 115:
  Nana: Misi libi mi nanga tori foe Frits p'pa; efi mi prakseri fa mi lasi na beste ten foe mi libi, nanga na kel.
  Nana: Madam, let me be with the matter of Frits's dad. If I just think about how I waisted the best years of my life with that guy...
- 1985, Paul Marlee, Proefkonijn‎^[2], Paramaribo: Uitgeverij De Volksboekwinkel, →ISBN, page 99:
  ‘Blub, hik, sorry man, ei Arnie, pe y' ben de yongu, m' e suk' i no moer man; pe a meid Sastro de man, mi lob' a sma, yongu, wan f' den kel go vandoor nang' a sma k'ba natuurlijk. (...)’
  'Glub, hiccup, sorry, man, hey Arnie, where have you been, man, I've been looking all over for you; where's that girl Sastro, man, I love that girl, man, one of the guys already went off with her, obviously. (...)'

Descendants

→ Dutch: kill

Swedish

Etymology

Deverbal from kela

Noun

kel n

(colloquial) cuddling, petting

Declension

Declension of kel

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	kel	kels
singular	definite	kelet	kelets
plural	indefinite	—	—
plural	definite	—	—

References

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish كل (kel, “bald”), from Persian (kal, “bald”). Cognate to kelle (“head”) and ultimately to Latin calvus (“bald”), Old English calu (“bald”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈcæl/
Audio: (file)

Adjective

kel

bald

Declension

Inflection

Nominative

kel

Definite accusative

keli

Singular

Plural

Nominative

kel

Definite accusative

Dative

Locative

Ablative

Genitive

Possessive forms
Nominative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelim	kellerim
2nd singular	kelin	kellerin
3rd singular	keli	kelleri
1st plural	kelimiz	kellerimiz
2nd plural	keliniz	kelleriniz
3rd plural	kelleri	kelleri
Definite accusative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelimi	kellerimi
2nd singular	kelini	kellerini
3rd singular	kelini	kellerini
1st plural	kelimizi	kellerimizi
2nd plural	kelinizi	kellerinizi
3rd plural	kellerini	kellerini
Dative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelime	kellerime
2nd singular	keline	kellerine
3rd singular	keline	kellerine
1st plural	kelimize	kellerimize
2nd plural	kelinize	kellerinize
3rd plural	kellerine	kellerine
Locative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelimde	kellerimde
2nd singular	kelinde	kellerinde
3rd singular	kelinde	kellerinde
1st plural	kelimizde	kellerimizde
2nd plural	kelinizde	kellerinizde
3rd plural	kellerinde	kellerinde
Ablative
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelimden	kellerimden
2nd singular	kelinden	kellerinden
3rd singular	kelinden	kellerinden
1st plural	kelimizden	kellerimizden
2nd plural	kelinizden	kellerinizden
3rd plural	kellerinden	kellerinden
Genitive
	Singular	Plural
1st singular	kelimin	kellerimin
2nd singular	kelinin	kellerinin
3rd singular	kelinin	kellerinin
1st plural	kelimizin	kellerimizin
2nd plural	kelinizin	kellerinizin
3rd plural	kellerinin	kellerinin

Synonyms

dazlak

Related terms

Descendants

→ Romanian: chel

Uzbek

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	кел‍
Latin	kel‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)

Pronunciation

(Uzbekistani standard) IPA^(key): /kɛl/, [k̟ɛl]
(Khorazm dialect) IPA^(key): /ɡæl/
Hyphenation: kel

Verb

kel

second-person singular informal imperative of kelmoq

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from French lequel (“which”).

Pronoun

kel

(relative) who
- 1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 15:
  Utan, kel lugon, binon lugan.
  A person who lies is a liar.
(relative) which
- 1932, Arie de Jong, Leerboek der Wereldtaal, page 15:
  Buk, keli elegivol obe, binon jönik.
  The book that you have given to me is beautiful.
- 1938, “Pö yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:
  Volapük eprogedon nog no mödiko, e nog ai go no labülon pladi, kel demü patöfs sublimik okik duton lü on.
  Volapük has not yet made great progress, and is far from occupying the place it deserves due to its its superior qualities.

Declension

Note: This word is declined to match the function it plays in its subordinate clause, not to match the declension of the noun it modifies.

declension of kel

	singular	plural
nominative	kel	kels
genitive	kela	kelas
dative	kele	keles
accusative	keli	kelis

Wolof

Noun

kel (definite form kel gi)

Grewia bicolor

Yetfa

Noun

kel

water

References

Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics), page 122

Zou

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *keel, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *keel.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kel˧˩/

Noun

kèl

goat

Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kal, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la. Cognates include Khumi Chin ämäkei and Mizo kal.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kəl˧/

Noun

kel

kidney

Etymology 3

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kaal.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kəl˧/

Verb

kel

(transitive) to climb

Derived terms

ekel

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 40, 46, 81

[1] Entry #259 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

[2] kel in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

[1]

[2]

kel

Cypriot Arabic

Etymology

Verb

References

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

References

Further reading

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

Pronoun

Northern Kurdish

Noun

Old Czech

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Old French

Contraction

Slovak

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Further reading

Sranan Tongo

Noun

Descendants

Swedish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

References

Turkish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Synonyms

Related terms

Descendants

Uzbek

Pronunciation

Verb

Volapük

Etymology

Pronoun