Drivers of human diseases including environmental, maternal and social exposures. Disease Drivers 20:03:2025 15:48 2025-03-20 The official definition. definition The official definition. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/iao.owl Description of the ontology. description Description of the ontology. url:http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description Title of the ontology. title Title of the ontology. url:http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title License of the ontology. license License of the ontology. url:http://purl.org/dc/terms/license Reference database or publication source. database_cross_reference Reference database or publication source. url:http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref has exact synonym An identifier for an individual entity. id An identifier for an individual entity. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000 A human readable name for this class. label A human readable name for this class. url:http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label part of has part has role A relation between two entities, in which one of the entities is any natural or human-influenced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in the other entity. has_driver A relation between two entities, in which one of the entities is any natural or human-influenced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in the other entity. url:http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0007000 A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of hexahydrophthalic acid. CHEBI:103210 hexahydrophthalic anhydride A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of hexahydrophthalic acid. url:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hexahydrophthalic-anhydride A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10. hexabromocyclododecane CHEBI:134063 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexabromocyclododecane url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants/index.cfm Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system. CHEBI:138015 endochrine disruptor Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cf An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. CHEBI:15956 biotin An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547751/ A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. CHEBI:16236 ethanol A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes. CHEBI:164200 triclosan An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system. NCIT:C302 CHEBI:16716 benzene A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271273/ An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol. CHEBI:16842 formaldehyde An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/formaldehyde/index.cfm A flame retardant that is brominated flame retardant, contain bromine and are the most abundantly used flame retardants. Used in many consumer goods, including electronics, furniture, building materials, etc. and have been linked to endocrine disruption among other effects. CHEBI:172368 brominated flame retardant A flame retardant that is brominated flame retardant, contain bromine and are the most abundantly used flame retardants. Used in many consumer goods, including electronics, furniture, building materials, etc. and have been linked to endocrine disruption among other effects. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants/index.cfm A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. CHEBI:172390 glycol ether A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycol_ethers url:https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/83-112/default.html url:https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/glycol-ethers.pdf An endocrine disruptor that is perfluoroalkyl substance, used widely in industrial applications, such as firefighting foams and non-stick pan, paper, and textile coatings. CHEBI:172397 perfluoroalkyl substance An endocrine disruptor that is perfluoroalkyl substance, used widely in industrial applications, such as firefighting foams and non-stick pan, paper, and textile coatings. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. CHEBI:17245 carbon monoxide A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. url:https://medlineplus.gov/carbonmonoxidepoisoning.html url:https://www.cdc.gov/co/faqs.htm A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. CHEBI:17514 cyanide A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. url:https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/cyanide/basics/facts.asp Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis (dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins. CHEBI:22271 aflatoxin Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis (dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin url:https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/aflatoxins url:https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/aflatoxin-poisoning-pets A heavy metal that is cadmium, a soft, malleable, bluish white metal found in zinc ores. CHEBI:22977 cadmium A heavy metal that is cadmium, a soft, malleable, bluish white metal found in zinc ores. url:https://www.osha.gov/cadmium A chemical driver that is composed of lead, which is found primarily in old paint, old paint dust, contaminated soil or contaminated drinking water. CHEBI:25016 lead A chemical driver that is composed of lead, which is found primarily in old paint, old paint dust, contaminated soil or contaminated drinking water. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/lead A heavy metal that is mercury, is toxic to living organisms, is an odorless, shiny, silver-white liquid that is commonly used in thermometers, barometers and fluorescent light bulbs. CHEBI:25195 mercury A heavy metal that is mercury, is toxic to living organisms, is an odorless, shiny, silver-white liquid that is commonly used in thermometers, barometers and fluorescent light bulbs. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mercury/index.cfm An endocrine disruptor that is phthalate, used to make plastics more flexible, they are also found in some food packaging, cosmetics, children’s toys, and medical devices. A family of benzene derivatives that are formed by esterification of phthalic acid. Phthalates are added to increase the flexibility and softness of commercial plastics, which are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer goods. Ingested phthalates may exhibit estrogenic or antiandrogenic effects or they may act as endocrine disruptors. NCIT:C152072 CHEBI:26092 phthalate An endocrine disruptor that is phthalate, used to make plastics more flexible, they are also found in some food packaging, cosmetics, children’s toys, and medical devices. A family of benzene derivatives that are formed by esterification of phthalic acid. Phthalates are added to increase the flexibility and softness of commercial plastics, which are incorporated into a wide variety of consumer goods. Ingested phthalates may exhibit estrogenic or antiandrogenic effects or they may act as endocrine disruptors. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm CHEBI:27026 toxin An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. CHEBI:27470 folic acid An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535377/ A heavy metal that is arsenic, a heavy metal that is poisonous at low concentrations. NCIT:C28131 CHEBI:27563 arsenic A heavy metal that is arsenic, a heavy metal that is poisonous at low concentrations. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/arsenic/index.cfm A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. CHEBI:27638 cobalt atom A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt A heavy metal that is chromium, a chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. CHEBI:28073 chromium A heavy metal that is chromium, a chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia. DRON:00723948 NCIT:C44329 OMIT:0020033 CHEBI:28619 acrylamide A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/acrylamide/index.cf A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot). CHEBI:30440 thalium A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot). url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium url:https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750026.html A poison that is methylmercury. CHEBI:30785 methylmercury A poison that is methylmercury. url:https://www.epa.gov/mercury/how-people-are-exposed-mercury#methylmercury A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. CHEBI:30879 alcohol A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. url:https://medlineplus.gov/alcohol.html A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. CHEBI:33216 bisphenol A A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/index.cfm A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant. tetrabromobisphenol A CHEBI:33217 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants/index.cfm A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. CHEBI:33229 vitamin A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. NCIT:C157938 CHEBI:33284 nutrient A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. url:https://www.who.int/health-topics/micronutrients A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups. CHEBI:35446 chlorobiphenyl A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. CHEBI:41922 diethylstilbestrol An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol url:https://www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/about/index.html Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. NCIT:C284 CHEBI:46661 asbestos Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. url:https://medlineplus.gov/asbestos.html A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid. CHEBI:49706 percholrate A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. CHEBI:50904 allergen A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/ Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O. CHEBI:53212 isocyanates Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O. url:http://www.osha.gov/isocyanates A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions. CHEBI:53218 diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_diphenyl_diisocyanate Any metal that is characterized by its rather high atomic mass and density. Although typically occurring in low concentrations, they can be found all throughout the Earth's crust (Commonly, a density of at least 5 g cm(3) is used to define a heavy metal and to differentiate it from other, ''light'' metals). OMIT:0019292 CHEBI:5631 heavy metal Any metal that is characterized by its rather high atomic mass and density. Although typically occurring in low concentrations, they can be found all throughout the Earth's crust (Commonly, a density of at least 5 g cm(3) is used to define a heavy metal and to differentiate it from other, ''light'' metals). url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals url:https://www.lenntech.com/processes/heavy/heavy-metals/heavy-metals.htm#ixzz6s7SaXlej Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. CHEBI:64909 poison Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison url:https://medlineplus.gov/poisoning.html Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity. CHEBI:76989 phytoestrogen Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoestrogen url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire. CHEBI:79314 flame retardant Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants/index.cfm A chemical driver that acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons and also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. CHEBI:9513 thalidomide A chemical driver that acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons and also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide Environmental or genetic mechanisms driving the occurrance of complex diseases. DISDRIV:0000000 disease driver Environmental or genetic mechanisms driving the occurrance of complex diseases. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4517741/ A disease driver that is comprised of a shortage of a nutrient. DISDRIV:0000001 nutrient deficiency A disease driver that is comprised of a shortage of a nutrient. url:https://www.who.int/health-topics/micronutrients A disease driver that is related to or concerning the interaction of social and economic factors. DISDRIV:0000002 socioeconomic driver A disease driver that is related to or concerning the interaction of social and economic factors. url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29709281/ A disease driver that is of biological origin. DISDRIV:0000003 biological driver A disease driver that is of biological origin. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45737/ A nutrient deficiency of vitamin B7 (biotin) foods like eggs, milk, and bananas. DISDRIV:0000004 deficiency of biotin A nutrient deficiency of vitamin B7 (biotin) foods like eggs, milk, and bananas. url:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-Consumer/ A nutrient deficiency. DISDRIV:0000005 deficiency of choline A nutrient deficiency. url:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-Consumer/ url:url:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/ A disease driver that is a chemical. DISDRIV:0000006 chemical driver A disease driver that is a chemical. url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351546/ DISDRIV:0000007 deficiency of vitamin C An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. ENVO:00002003 fecal material An excreta material which is composed primarily of feces, an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces An atmospheric storm during which a large mass of atmospheric gas rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating high winds which spiral towards that centre. ENVO:01001297 cyclone An atmospheric storm during which a large mass of atmospheric gas rotates around a centre of low atmospheric pressure, generating high winds which spiral towards that centre. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. ENVO:02500018 ENVO:2000004 algal bloom A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/algal-blooms/index.cfm An exposure stressor that is a change in the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. ExO:0000007 ecological perturbations An exposure stressor that is a change in the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351546/ An ecological perturbation that is acidic water, usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. ENVO:03000127 OMIT:0016047 ExO:0000013 acid rain An ecological perturbation that is acidic water, usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water. url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351546/ url:https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain An ecological pertubation that is any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities. ExO:0000014 climate change An ecological pertubation that is any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities. url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29351546/ A psychosocial agent that is a situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level. ExO:0000015 poverty A psychosocial agent that is a situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty url:https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ending-poverty url:https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. FOODON:00001579 alcoholic beverage An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. url:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_drink An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. NCIT:C939 FOODON:03413761 vitamin B12 An essential nutrient and natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with an intrinsic factor for absorption by the intestine, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. url:https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/vitamins/vitamin-b12-deficiency An allergen that is an American house dust mite, microscopic, insect-like pests that commonly live in house dust. They feed on flakes of dead skin, or dander, that are shed by people and pets. These tiny creatures are a big source of allergens and can worsen allergies and asthma. Dust mites can live in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains in your home. OMIT:0022964 Dermatophagoides farinae NCBITaxon:6954 American house dust mite An allergen that is an American house dust mite, microscopic, insect-like pests that commonly live in house dust. They feed on flakes of dead skin, or dander, that are shed by people and pets. These tiny creatures are a big source of allergens and can worsen allergies and asthma. Dust mites can live in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains in your home. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/dustmites/index.cfm An allergen that is an European house dust mite, microscopic, insect-like pests that commonly live in house dust. They feed on flakes of dead skin, or dander, that are shed by people and pets. These tiny creatures are a big source of allergens and can worsen allergies and asthma. Dust mites can live in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains in your home. NCBITaxon:6956 European house dust mite An allergen that is an European house dust mite, microscopic, insect-like pests that commonly live in house dust. They feed on flakes of dead skin, or dander, that are shed by people and pets. These tiny creatures are a big source of allergens and can worsen allergies and asthma. Dust mites can live in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains in your home. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/dustmites/index.cfm A biological agent that is a microorganism, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. A microscopic organism. The term microorganism may refer to a prokaryote or eukaryote, and may be a unicellular or multicellular organism. All taxonomic kingdoms contain microorganisms. NCIT:C14329 microorganism A biological agent that is a microorganism, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. A microscopic organism. The term microorganism may refer to a prokaryote or eukaryote, and may be a unicellular or multicellular organism. All taxonomic kingdoms contain microorganisms. url:https://www.osha.gov/biological-agents A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. CHEBI:15354 choline A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function. url:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/ A biological toxin that is botulinum toxin, caused by a toxin made by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. FBbi:00000465 NCIT:C163032 botulinum toxin A biological toxin that is botulinum toxin, caused by a toxin made by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. url:https://www.osha.gov/botulism A very large group of microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter. Most are filamentous organisms and produce spores that can be air-, water-, or insect-borne. NCIT:C28266 mold A very large group of microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter. Most are filamentous organisms and produce spores that can be air-, water-, or insect-borne. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/mold/index.cfm A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. CHEBI:3387 carbamazepine A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine url:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26329145/ An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. NCIT:C391 copper An element with atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637704/ A highly corrosive, inorganic substance that contains the metallic element chromium in its positive-6 valence state. Chromium hexavalent compounds are used in stainless steel production, in chrome plating, in the manufacture of dyes and pigments, in leather tanning, in wood preservation and are used as corrosion inhibitors. Inhalation exposure of these compounds mainly affects the respiratory tract causing shortness of breath, nasal itching, asthma, coughing, bronchitis and pneumonia, but can also affect the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. Chromium hexavalent compounds are carcinogenic in humans and are associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the sinonasal cavity. NCIT:C44357 chromium hexavalent compound A highly corrosive, inorganic substance that contains the metallic element chromium in its positive-6 valence state. Chromium hexavalent compounds are used in stainless steel production, in chrome plating, in the manufacture of dyes and pigments, in leather tanning, in wood preservation and are used as corrosion inhibitors. Inhalation exposure of these compounds mainly affects the respiratory tract causing shortness of breath, nasal itching, asthma, coughing, bronchitis and pneumonia, but can also affect the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. Chromium hexavalent compounds are carcinogenic in humans and are associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the sinonasal cavity. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/hex-chromium/index.cf An element that is necessary for the body to make thyroid hormone. It is found in shellfish and iodized salt. CHEBI:24859 NCIT:C594 iodine An element that is necessary for the body to make thyroid hormone. It is found in shellfish and iodized salt. url:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ An important mineral the body needs to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important part of many other proteins and enzymes needed by the body for normal growth and development. It is found in red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, and foods with iron added, such as cereal. CHEBI:18248 NCIT:C598 iron An important mineral the body needs to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important part of many other proteins and enzymes needed by the body for normal growth and development. It is found in red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, and foods with iron added, such as cereal. url:https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/iron-deficiency-adults A chemical driver that is accutane (retinoic acid), a medication primarily used to treat severe acne. Isotretinoin NCIT:C603 accutane A chemical driver that is accutane (retinoic acid), a medication primarily used to treat severe acne. url:https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/018662s059lbl.pdf A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. NCIT:C689 niacin A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557728/ The male genetic material of a seed plant contained in the anther, usually appearing as fine grains or dust. BTO:0001097 NCIT:C79660 NCIT:C79660 pollen The male genetic material of a seed plant contained in the anther, usually appearing as fine grains or dust. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/pollen/index.cfm A phytotoxin and lectin comprised of a homodimer of ricin toxin A and B chains derived from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant, with protein synthesis inhibitory activity and extremely high cytotoxicity. Following ingestion, inhalation or injection of ricin, the B chain binds to complex carbohydrates containing either terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or beta-1,4-linked galactose residues on the surface of cells. Subsequently, the ricin A/B heterodimer is internalized and undergoes retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, the A chain, which has enzymatic activity that is sterically hindered by the B chain, is proteolytically released from the heterodimer by protein disulfide isomerase. In the ER, the free A chain has N-glycosidase activity that cleaves 28S rRNA. This enzymatic cleavage disrupts the ribosome, halts protein synthesis, and can lead to cell death. The extreme cytotoxicity of ricin makes it an attractive candidate for artificial fusion with binding proteins to create cell-type-specific toxins. OMIT:0013190 NCIT:C809 ricin toxin A phytotoxin and lectin comprised of a homodimer of ricin toxin A and B chains derived from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant, with protein synthesis inhibitory activity and extremely high cytotoxicity. Following ingestion, inhalation or injection of ricin, the B chain binds to complex carbohydrates containing either terminal N-acetylgalactosamine or beta-1,4-linked galactose residues on the surface of cells. Subsequently, the ricin A/B heterodimer is internalized and undergoes retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, the A chain, which has enzymatic activity that is sterically hindered by the B chain, is proteolytically released from the heterodimer by protein disulfide isomerase. In the ER, the free A chain has N-glycosidase activity that cleaves 28S rRNA. This enzymatic cleavage disrupts the ribosome, halts protein synthesis, and can lead to cell death. The extreme cytotoxicity of ricin makes it an attractive candidate for artificial fusion with binding proteins to create cell-type-specific toxins. url:https://www.osha.gov/ricin Any natural or synthetic composition that replicates the structure or function of a native component of blood. NCIT:C81304 blood product Any natural or synthetic composition that replicates the structure or function of a native component of blood. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539826/ Smoke from burning tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) and exhaled by a smoker. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active chemicals having carcinogenic properties. NCIT:C829 tobacco smoke Smoke from burning tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes) and exhaled by a smoker. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a stimulant, and other biologically active chemicals having carcinogenic properties. url:https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043318 url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/smoke/index.cfm The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. CHEBI:28384 NCIT:C943 vitamin K The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. url:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536983/ A chemical driver that is air pollution, that is composed of a mixture of chemical and particulate matter pollutants in outdoor air, including but not limited to carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dixoide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and fine partiuculate matter. Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution. A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air. ENVO:02500037 OMIT:0001823 air pollution A chemical driver that is air pollution, that is composed of a mixture of chemical and particulate matter pollutants in outdoor air, including but not limited to carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dixoide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and fine partiuculate matter. Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution. A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air. url:https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/air-pollution-current-and-future-challenges url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution/index.cfm An allergen that is a cockroach, a source of indoor allergens. NCBITaxon:85823 OMIT:0004368 cockroaches An allergen that is a cockroach, a source of indoor allergens. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/dustmites/index.cfm An endocrine disruptor that is dioxin, are mainly byproducts of industrial practices. They are produced through a variety of incineration processes, including improper municipal waste incineration and burning of trash, and can be released into the air during natural processes, such as forest fires and volcanoes. NCIT:C442 OMIT:0005411 dioxin An endocrine disruptor that is dioxin, are mainly byproducts of industrial practices. They are produced through a variety of incineration processes, including improper municipal waste incineration and burning of trash, and can be released into the air during natural processes, such as forest fires and volcanoes. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/dioxins/index.cfm An allergen that is dander, may trigger allergy symptoms like sneezing or red, itchy eyes. Pet dander, the source of allergens, is composed of tiny, even microscopic, proteins from flecks of skin shed by pets. OMIT:0028282 dander An allergen that is dander, may trigger allergy symptoms like sneezing or red, itchy eyes. Pet dander, the source of allergens, is composed of tiny, even microscopic, proteins from flecks of skin shed by pets. url:https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/allergens/pets/index.cfm The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria. NCIT:C13234 feces The material discharged from the bowel during defecation. It consists of undigested food, intestinal mucus, epithelial cells, and bacteria. url:https://nchh.org/information-and-evidence/learn-about-healthy-housing/health-hazards-prevention-and-solutions/rodents/