Use of hard parts of
bivalves as recorders of environmental levels of metals is clearly promising, but before this can be done reliably further research must be carried out on the effects of major variables on the concentration of chemical elements in shell [refs].
For protection against microorganisms, marine
bivalves rely heavily on cellular defense mechanisms including phagocytosis and encapsulation, wound repair, humoral defense factors (lysosomal enzymes, agglutinin/opsonins, and antimicrobial peptides), and a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester-bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharidebinding proteins, and fibrinogen-related proteins (Cheng 1996, Chu 2000, Canesi et al.
In contrast to these data, recent genomic and transcriptomic data of
bivalves indicate that FN-like and FN III-containing domains exist in genome of
bivalves [25,27].
Bivalve fishing is well-documented in South American countries in studies of
bivalve mollusks in the Pectinidae family, spots in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile (Castilla and Defeo, 2001), and loco snails in Chile (Castilla and Defeo, 2001).
Predation on
bivalve mollusks by gastropod mollusks is common in coastal regions; however, few studies have examined whether predatory gastropod mollusks exhibit prey selection.
We suggest that this climate shift affected the
bivalves and their associated biota enough to cause the declines.
In the present study, survey of marine
bivalves for species diversity and distribution was done along three substations; Sheva creek, Peerwadi coast and Dharamtar creek of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India.
Multiple groups of
bivalve molluscs produce calcific shell layers, many of these broadly classified as "prismatic." Various pteriomorphian
bivalves (such as oysters, pterioids, and mussels) secrete prismatic microstructures with high organic content and clear, strong biological control.
A small hand shovel or rake can aid in your pursuit of these tasty
bivalves, but if you don't have either, your hands and feet will work just fine.
Therefore, the present study aims to document the distribution of gastropods and
bivalves along the Tarut coast, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia.
Freshwater drum have large pharyngeal teeth that can be used to crush hard-bodied molluscs such as
bivalves, but also feed on benthic insect larvae, crayfish, worms, and small fish (Daiber, 1952; Griswold and Tubb, 1977; Schael et al., 1991).
Too much, too much cry the boldly patterned wading birds that specialize in eating
bivalves as they look on from the shore.
Author Elizabeth Gosling presents students, academics, researchers, and professionals working in a wide variety of contexts with the second edition of her comprehensive examination of the
bivalves throughout the world.
