Mali

Mali gained independence from France in 1960, and became a one-party socialist style dictatorship under President Modibo Keita until 1968, when a military coup led by Moussa Traore removed Keita from power.

The coup was followed by instability and violence in the capital of Bamako, and quickly in the loss of Malian government control in the Northern half of the country (including the well-known tourist destination of Timbuktu) to an array of four major insurgent groups, which had long been operating in the North of Mali but which consolidated their power after the fall of the dictatorship in Libya (the groups will be discussed later in this paper).

One month after Tutorial 1 was recorded, with the aim to learn about Mali's perspectives on Tutorial 1, I conducted a retrospective interview with Mali, which is titled Interview 1 (see Appendix A for interview questions).

In April 2015, after noticing that Mali made an appointment with a NS tutor (Emma), (4) I video recorded their tutorial (with permissions), which is named Tutorial 2.