kinin

Characterization of two polymorphic sites in the human kinin B1 receptor gene: altered frequency of an allele in patients with a history of end-stage renal failure.

Adam et al., "Kinin B1 receptors contributes to acute pain following minor surgery in humans," Molecular Pain, vol.

Shen et al., "Postischemic brain injury is exacerbated in mice lacking the kinin B2 receptor," Hypertension, vol.

Hydrolysis of plasminogen to plasmin by tPA activates the kinin pathway by converting Factor XII to Factor XIIa which will cause an increase in production of bradykinin.

The data with aprotinin elsewhere fully support for the elevation of endogenous kinins by BT venom.

However, it mainly suffers from injection pain,12 as an inevitable issue of which even adults are afraid.13 With elusive mechanisms, the injection pain of propofol has mainly been attributed to the pain-inducing effect originating from the contact between aqueous phase of emulsion and free nerve endings14 or the delaying effect based on bradykinin produced by the activated kinin cascade system.15 Bradykinin leads to local phlebectasia and increases vascular wall permeability, so propofol can penetrate the vascular wall to contact with more free nerve endings, thus aggravating the injection pain.16

Couture, "Contribution of the central dopaminergic system in the antihypertensive effect of kinin B1 receptor antagonists in two rat models of hypertension," Neuropeptides, vol.

Xu, "MAPK/ NF-[kappa]B-dependent upregulation of kinin receptors mediates airway hyperreactivity: a new perspective for the treatment," Pharmacological Research, vol.

It may be due to its local anesthetic action or by inhibition of kinin release4.

The role of kinin receptors in cancer and therapeutic opportunities.

Normal expression of C1INH and normal C4 usually rule out HAE types I and II but cannot rule out HAE type III, which is thought to be a mutation in coagulation factor XII gene, which results in increased kinin production.

In vivo up-regulation of kinin B1 receptors after treatment with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in rat paw.

It is plausible that carcinoid tumors may present by appendicitis because of luminal obstruction or elevated levels of 5 hydroxytryptamine, histamine and kinin. As these are all potent mediators of inflammation.14 Our study showed 0.8% specimens with carcinoids.