Protective childbirth tattoos found on ancient Egyptian mummies

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Lower back tattoos may seem like an early 21st century fad popularized by low-rise-jeans clad celebrities, but new archaeological evidence from Egyptian mummies shows the practice is actually more than three millennia old.

At the New Kingdom site of Deir el-Medina (1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C.), researchers Anne Austin and Marie-Lys Arnette have discovered that tattoos on ancient flesh and tattooed figurines from the site are likely connected with the ancient Egyptian god Bes, who protected women and children, particularly during childbirth. They published their findings last month in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.

Deir el-Medina lies on the western bank of the Nile, across from the archaeological site of Luxor. Beginning in 1922, around the same time that King Tut’s tomb was found, the site was excavated by a French team. Read more.

As per my previous post, I’m working on something with Iphigenia in Aulis. This film adaptation is still on my watchlist, but I heard from someone I trust on this topic that it is a heartwrenching one.

Michael Cacoyannis is perhaps best known for directing Zorba the Greek (1964) but has also made a film adaptation of Elektra (1962) and The Trojan Women (1971, starring Katherine Hepburn as Hecuba).

Its age gives it its charm and merely based on the trailers I would already say that I prefer Cacoyannis’ visualization of this Greece as a world that struggles, not the marbled and glittering version we see in many Hollywood productions.

I’m analyzing parts of scene 5 of Euripides’ Iphigenia in Aulis, comparing two translations with the original text.

One of the case studies is a translation by Edward Einhorn, who happens to be a theatremaker. Going back to the site where his translation can also be found, I noticed that it has been adapted into an audio play by Untitled Theatre Company no. 61. Textwise, there are some changes made to make it better suited for modern performance groups. Also, changes in word translation to add a more impactful or tense meaning.

It is a fairly short listen (about 90 minutes) and performed with great voice work accompanied by some sound effects. Pretty much like your usual audio-drama podcast.

And for those interested, there is also a graphic novel adaptation of the script.

In search of some background music, I came across this lovely group.

Daemonia Nymphe is a band founded in 1994 by Spyros Giasafakis and Evi Stergiou. Their music is made with replicas of ancient Greek instruments, such as the aulos and kithara. The group has not been active much in recent years. Their most recent album stems from 2013, but they have released a couple of singles in the meantime. Judging from videos of live performances, these are quite theatrical.

Though their songs definitely have modern influences, they use original hymns as a basis for lyrics and composition.

Recommended listen:
Daemonia Nymphe (2006 album).
Hypnos from Psychostasia (2013).

Image ID: Photograph of an ancient fresco of the Minoan period. There are several shards of wall bearing parts of the image on the left and middle, with a big chunk on the right. From these pieces, the image of three women is reconstructed and drawn around the shards. The women are identical. They have black hair that is pulled up and back in what looks like a wavy ponytail. The hair is kept back by a white headband, and decorated further with golden jewelry beads. Each wears thin, beaded necklaces and bracelets. Their dress is a solid orange with pale blue rims. In typical Minoan fashion, it leaves the chest bare. The artist has not drawn any breasts here. Their skin is starkly white. The left woman faces the left while the middle and right one face to the right. These latter two have their hands slightly raised.ALT

“Ladies in Blue”
1600-1450 BCE / Palace of Knossos, Crete

This largely reconstructed fresco was discovered between 1900 and 1905 by Sir Arthur James Evans in the palace of Knossos on Crete. It is one of a number of images found that depict women of the Minoan civilization (3500 - 1100 BC). The women depicted are dressed in colorful clothing, while also wearing elaborate jewelry in their hair and on their bodies. The chest, in typical Minoan fashion, is bare. The image that is reconstructed by Émile Gilliéron does not indicate the breasts as is the case in other Minoan imagery.

Image ID: Woman in Minoan dress stands in the middle of an abstract landscape with her arms half raised. She is wearing a Minoan dress with pale colors. Her chest is bare. Her dark hair is pulled back. Her skin is stark white. There are two men on her left and two men on her right with their arms raised towards her. They only wear a skirt and are drawn as having brown skin.ALT
Image ID: Woman in Minoan dress kneeling. One of her legs is exposed from under the layers of her dress. The dress is in pale blue and yellow colours. Her chest is bare. Her dark hair is pulled back. Her skin is stark white. Her arms seem to reach for something on the left which is out of view. On her right is a large white bird, perhaps a griffon. Only the wings and the top of its front legs are shown. It has its head raised and bears a neutral expression. Its coat is also stark white but decorated with intricate swirling patterns.ALT

Recommended reading:
Lee, Mireille M.. “9. Deciphering Gender in Minoan Dress” In Reading the Body: Representations and Remains in the Archaeological Record edited by Alison E. Rautman, 111-123. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. https://doi-org.proxy-ub.rug.nl/10.9783/9781512806830-011