Following their unification under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols began an era in which they wo... more Following their unification under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols began an era in which they would play a very influential role in the course of history. Despite the existence of a negative perception of the Great Mongol Empire in the sources of the era, its impact on the political, economic, and cultural life of Eurasia has continued for generations. Although Mongolians adopted a writing system as late as 1204, the transfer of their oral tradition into writing lasted only a short time so that their historical heritage could be passed on to the next generations. The tradition of Mongolian historiography, which began with the creation of the stele known as the Genghis Stele, developed differently compared to other contemporary Asian states and it has kept this distinction until today. In addition to providing valuable information about the history of the Mongols and other nations they interacted with, historical sources written in Mongolian such as ‘Secret History of the Mongols’ and ‘Altan Tovch’ are also important milestones in Mongol historiography. Especially with works like ‘Altan Tovch’ and ‘Erdeniin Tovch’ being written during the period when Buddhism became widespread among the Mongols, the influence of Buddhist historiography on the Mongols became apparent. As a result, it is evident that grounds of legitimacy were strengthened in the actions of Mongol khans, especially Chinggis Khaan, and motifs indicating that divine power that was with these khans were added.
Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic commun... more Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic communities, especially Mongolian peoples, for thousands of years. Today, mainly Müslim Kazakhs and Khotons, Dukhans, who are in the same ethnic group as Shamanist Tuvans and continue their lives by herding deers, and the Chantuu, who are thought to be of Uzbek origin who possibly immigrated to Mongolia with the Turkestan Campaign of Genghis Khan have been living especially in the north-west and western regions of Mongolia. Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life, and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization.
The Mongol Empire, established under the leadership of Genghis Khan, is known as the world's larg... more The Mongol Empire, established under the leadership of Genghis Khan, is known as the world's largest land empire in history. Creating and maintaining such a vast state was a significant accomplishment. The success of the empire in attaining a global political, economic, and cultural identity was thanks to the public diplomacy laid down by Genghis Khan and passed on through the Steppe Law, known as the Genghis Law. It's important to note that the foundations of this policy, advanced by Genghis Khan, align with the Turkic concept of world domination.
According to Chinese and Turkic state traditions, Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state. He presented a comprehensive worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms. Genghis Khan's successors continued to uphold this vision in all the lands they conquered, particularly in Eurasia. From the latter half of the 13th century, the Mongol Empire ruled Eurasia for over a century and became one of the earliest and most significant examples of a holistic worldview through the policies followed by the Mongolian Khans.
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2011
Middle Asian politics of Jungarian Khans, who used to set campaigns on the Kazakh lands for more ... more Middle Asian politics of Jungarian Khans, who used to set campaigns on the Kazakh lands for more than a century, changed its direction, along with that Amarsana made allience with Abılay Khan, his ever enemy, in order to carry the ∗ Arş. Gör. Dr. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Genel Türk Tarihi ABD, ekkalan@yahoo.com
The existence and prevalence of sedentary way of living that was economically based on agricultur... more The existence and prevalence of sedentary way of living that was economically based on agriculture and handicrafts, along with the semi-nomadic way of life characterized by animal husbandry in the Hun society were proven from both Chinese chronicles and the archeological excavations conducted. Even though their number keeps increasing day by day thanks to the archeological discoveries, the existence of more than ten Hun cities, around twenty settlements, and around one hundred cemeteries are known in our day. Such settlements and cemeteries are mostly in the Northern Mongolia, Southern Buryatia, and individually in Khakas, Tuva and Altai regions. Ivolga located in the south of the Lake Baikal occupies a unique place among the Hun cities. It bears the basic features of the Hun cities in Mongolia and the Central Asia, while it appears as the most characteristic sample of the unique Hun city defense system
XIII. yuzyilin baslarinda Mogol Imparatorlugu’nun kurulmasiyla birlikte Avrasya’da baris ve huzur... more XIII. yuzyilin baslarinda Mogol Imparatorlugu’nun kurulmasiyla birlikte Avrasya’da baris ve huzur ortami yeniden tesis edilmistir. Imparatorlugu kuran Cengiz Han daha saltanatinin ilk yillarindan itibaren ticaretin onemini kavramis ve ticari faaliyetlerin gelistirilmesine yonelik calismalar yapmistir. Mogollarin Orta Asya’dan sonra Dogu Avrupa’ya girmeleriyle, bolgede ticari ve ekonomik iliskiler bir sureligine bozulsa da, ayni zamanda bolgedeki Turk kabilelerinin merkezi ve guclu bir devletin idaresinde birlestirilmesi, ticaretin yeniden gelismesine vesile olmustur. Mogollarin, bilhassa da Altin Orda Hanlarinin izlemis oldugu olumlu politikalar neticesinde Mogol akinlari sebebiyle kesintiye ugrayan ticaret yeniden canlanmis ve Dest-i Kipcak’a Bizansli, Italyan, Ermeni ve diger yabanci tuccarlar tekrar gelmeye baslamistir
e”, “yerim e” veya “evime”, “beyime”, “ulkeme” diye sozcukler sik karsimiza cikmaktadir. Olmus ol... more e”, “yerim e” veya “evime”, “beyime”, “ulkeme” diye sozcukler sik karsimiza cikmaktadir. Olmus olan asilzade (bey) icin yapilmis olan anitin dikilis torenine katilan boy ve kabile baskanlari anita kendi boy ve kabilelerine ait damgayi tasvir ettirmisler
Ortacagda ticaret devlet hazinesini olusturan en onemli kalemlerin basindadir. Bu donemde ticaret... more Ortacagda ticaret devlet hazinesini olusturan en onemli kalemlerin basindadir. Bu donemde ticaretin olgusal anlamda en fazla ihtiyac duydugu unsurlarin basinda, uygun ulasim vasitalari ve ticari mekânlarla ulasim yollarinin guvenligi gelmektedir. Hazinelerini bu onemli gelirlerden mahrum birakmak istemeyen hukumdarlar da uygun kosullarda ticari faaliyetler gerceklestirebilmek maksadiyla her turlu onlemi alma yoluna gitmislerdi. Asirlar boyunca Asya ve Avrupa’yi ticari ve ekonomik acidan birbirine baglayarak Avrasya kavramini ortaya cikaran Ipek Yolu, Cin’den Akdeniz’e kadar uzanan kervan yollarinin olusturdugu bir sistemdir Mogollarin Dogu Avrupa’ya gelislerinin ardindan bu bolgede ticari ve ekonomik iliskiler bir sureligine bozulmus olsa da, sonuc itibariyle Mogollar bolgedeki Turk kabilelerini merkezi ve guclu bir devletin idaresinde birlestirmis ve bolgede ticaretin yeniden gelismesini saglamislardi. XIII. Yuzyilin ikinci yarisindan itibaren Bati Avrupa ile Dogu Asya’yi birbirine...
Ġpek Yolu guzergâhinda ticari faaliyetlerde bulunan tuccarlarin pek cogunun ticaretin yani sira g... more Ġpek Yolu guzergâhinda ticari faaliyetlerde bulunan tuccarlarin pek cogunun ticaretin yani sira gerektiginde diplomat gerektiginde de muhbirlik yani ajanlik gorevi ustlendikleri bilinmektedir. Ozellikle uluslararasi boyutta ticaret yapan tuccarlar, hanlarin ve ust dereceli memurlarin saygisina mazhar olurlardi. Zira munhasiran bir elcilik heyeti tertip edilerek komĢu ulkelere gonderilmesi yerine, soz konusu guvenilir tuccarlar vasitasiyla mektuplar ilgili makamlara sorunsuzca ulaĢtirilirdi. Boylece bu iĢ icin yapilmasi gereken harcamalardan da tasarruf edilirdi. Ġpek Yolu’nda tuccarlari bir yandan bulunduklari ulkelerdeki ticari faaliyetlerini surdururken, bir yandan da ulkeye dair en tafsilatli bilgileri ustaca toplayip hizmetinde bulunduklari ulkenin idarecilerine ulaĢtirmak gibi son derece onemli bir misyon da yurutmekteydiler. Tuccarlarin bu ozellikleri ve yetenekleri de onlarin siyasi hayatta da vazgecilmez bir unsur olarak ortaya cikmasini saglamiĢtir.
Mogol Tarihi’nin en onemli sahsiyetlerinin basinda suphesiz Cengiz Kagan ve ogullari gelmektedir.... more Mogol Tarihi’nin en onemli sahsiyetlerinin basinda suphesiz Cengiz Kagan ve ogullari gelmektedir. Cengiz’in en buyuk oglu olan Cuci, henuz babasinin sagliginda olmus ve onun mirasi olan Cuci Ulusu’nun sinirlarini, ogullari Batu ve Berke basta olmak uzere, diger Altin Orda Hanlari daha da genisletmistir. Cuci, diger kardeslerine kiyasla daha geri planda kalmis gibi gorunse de, zekâsi ve ileri goruslulugu sayesinde Cengiz’in zaferlerinde onemli bir rol ustlenmistir. Cuci’nin, babasi Cengiz’in hayatinda edindigi yer mutlak suretle dikkate sayandir. Gerek kaynaklardaki veriler gerekse Cuci adinin onomastik acidan incelenmesi neticesinde Cengiz’in Cuci’yi gercek oglu olarak kabul ettigi anlasilmaktadir
"Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic ... more "Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic communities, especially Mongolian peoples, for thousands of years. Today, mainly Muslim Kazakhs and Khotons, Dukhans, who are in the same ethnic group as Shamanist Tuvans and continue their lives by herding deers, and the Çantuu, who are thought to be of Uzbek origin who possibly immigrated to Mongolia with the Turkestan Campaign of Genghis Khan have been living especially in the north-west and western regions of Mongolia. Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their own language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused the cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization."
The Mongol Empire, which emerged as a result of the Mongol unity under the leadership of Genghis ... more The Mongol Empire, which emerged as a result of the Mongol unity under the leadership of Genghis Khan has left its mark on world history as the world’s largest land empire ever. It is as difficult to establishing establish such an enormous state and to keep it alive. For this reason, thanks to the public diplomacy, which was laid down by Genghis Khan and passed on to future generations with the Steppe Law, which is known as the Genghis Law, it has succeeded in attaining the identity of a world empire politically, economically, and culturally. It is worth mentioning that the foundations of this policy put forward by Genghis Khan correspond to the Turkic perception of world domination. As Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state as is the case according to Chinese and the Turkic state traditions. He put forward a holistic worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms: Genghis Khan’s successors also continued to further his vision in all the lands they conquered, and espec...
Öz: 1206 yılında Cengiz Han liderliğinde birliğini sağlayan Moğollar, Avrasya'nın siyasi, ekonomi... more Öz: 1206 yılında Cengiz Han liderliğinde birliğini sağlayan Moğollar, Avrasya'nın siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel tarihinde son derece etkili bir rol oynayacakları bir dönemi de başlatmışlardır. Aynı yıl Nayman Hanı'nın sarayında yakalanan T'a-ta Tonga vasıtasıyla Cengiz Han idaresindeki Moğollar, yazıyla tanışmışlardır. Ardından 1224-1225 yılları arasında Harezm Seferi sonrasında dikilen Cengiz Taşı da bu yazıyla taşa kazınmış Moğolca'nın ilk yazılı belgesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Moğollar, 1206 yılı gibi geç bir dönemde yazıyla tanışmış olmalarına rağmen, Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu bünyesinde yazının kullanımı hızlı bir şekilde yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu yeni oluşan yazı geleneği sayesinde de sözlü tarihlerini yazıya aktararak gelecek nesillere kıymetli bir tarihî mirası da ulaştırma başarısını göstermişlerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Moğollar, Yazı, Uygur Harfleri, Cengiz Taşı, Yesüngge Roots of Written Tradition in Mongolian History and " Chinggis' Stone " Abstract: Mongols were unified under the leadership of Chinggis Khan in 1206 which also marked a starting point of the important role that they played in political, economic and cultural history of Eurasia. The same year witnessed Mongols' introduction with writing under Chinggis Khan thanks to Tata-tonga who was captured in the palace of Naiman Khan. Then, in 1224-1225, Chinggis's Stone (Yesüngge) was erected after the Khwarezm campaign which has this writing on it and this marks the first inscription in Mongolian language. Mongols were introduced with writing in 1206, a relatively late date, nevertheless the utilization of writing spread quickly under the Great Mongolian Empire. This novel writing tradition enabled them to record their oral histories and a successful transfer of their valuable historical legacy to next generations. Giriş Yazının kullanımı ister konar-göçer, isterse yerleşik kültüre mensup uluslar tarafından kurulan devletler açısından son derece elzemdir. Devletin sevk ve idaresinde mutlak suretle yazıya ve bu yazıyla yapılacak yazışmalara ihtiyaç duyulacağı muhakkaktır. Ancak devlet geleneğinin güçlü olduğu milletlerde yazının kullanımı nispeten daha erken dönemlerde zuhur ederken, bazılarında ise gecikmeli, ancak mutlak suretle etkileşimli bir şekilde gerçekleşmiştir. Konar-göçer bir medeniyetin temsilcilerinden olan Moğollar, yeri geldiğinde bozkırdaki en büyük rakipleri, yeri geldiğinde en önemli müttefikleri olan Türklerle ortak bir tarihi ve kültürel geçmişe sahip olmalarına rağmen yazının kullanımı anlamında Türklerden
Following their unification under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols began an era in which they wo... more Following their unification under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols began an era in which they would play a very influential role in the course of history. Despite the existence of a negative perception of the Great Mongol Empire in the sources of the era, its impact on the political, economic, and cultural life of Eurasia has continued for generations. Although Mongolians adopted a writing system as late as 1204, the transfer of their oral tradition into writing lasted only a short time so that their historical heritage could be passed on to the next generations. The tradition of Mongolian historiography, which began with the creation of the stele known as the Genghis Stele, developed differently compared to other contemporary Asian states and it has kept this distinction until today. In addition to providing valuable information about the history of the Mongols and other nations they interacted with, historical sources written in Mongolian such as ‘Secret History of the Mongols’ and ‘Altan Tovch’ are also important milestones in Mongol historiography. Especially with works like ‘Altan Tovch’ and ‘Erdeniin Tovch’ being written during the period when Buddhism became widespread among the Mongols, the influence of Buddhist historiography on the Mongols became apparent. As a result, it is evident that grounds of legitimacy were strengthened in the actions of Mongol khans, especially Chinggis Khaan, and motifs indicating that divine power that was with these khans were added.
Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic commun... more Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic communities, especially Mongolian peoples, for thousands of years. Today, mainly Müslim Kazakhs and Khotons, Dukhans, who are in the same ethnic group as Shamanist Tuvans and continue their lives by herding deers, and the Chantuu, who are thought to be of Uzbek origin who possibly immigrated to Mongolia with the Turkestan Campaign of Genghis Khan have been living especially in the north-west and western regions of Mongolia. Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life, and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization.
The Mongol Empire, established under the leadership of Genghis Khan, is known as the world's larg... more The Mongol Empire, established under the leadership of Genghis Khan, is known as the world's largest land empire in history. Creating and maintaining such a vast state was a significant accomplishment. The success of the empire in attaining a global political, economic, and cultural identity was thanks to the public diplomacy laid down by Genghis Khan and passed on through the Steppe Law, known as the Genghis Law. It's important to note that the foundations of this policy, advanced by Genghis Khan, align with the Turkic concept of world domination.
According to Chinese and Turkic state traditions, Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state. He presented a comprehensive worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms. Genghis Khan's successors continued to uphold this vision in all the lands they conquered, particularly in Eurasia. From the latter half of the 13th century, the Mongol Empire ruled Eurasia for over a century and became one of the earliest and most significant examples of a holistic worldview through the policies followed by the Mongolian Khans.
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2011
Middle Asian politics of Jungarian Khans, who used to set campaigns on the Kazakh lands for more ... more Middle Asian politics of Jungarian Khans, who used to set campaigns on the Kazakh lands for more than a century, changed its direction, along with that Amarsana made allience with Abılay Khan, his ever enemy, in order to carry the ∗ Arş. Gör. Dr. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Genel Türk Tarihi ABD, ekkalan@yahoo.com
The existence and prevalence of sedentary way of living that was economically based on agricultur... more The existence and prevalence of sedentary way of living that was economically based on agriculture and handicrafts, along with the semi-nomadic way of life characterized by animal husbandry in the Hun society were proven from both Chinese chronicles and the archeological excavations conducted. Even though their number keeps increasing day by day thanks to the archeological discoveries, the existence of more than ten Hun cities, around twenty settlements, and around one hundred cemeteries are known in our day. Such settlements and cemeteries are mostly in the Northern Mongolia, Southern Buryatia, and individually in Khakas, Tuva and Altai regions. Ivolga located in the south of the Lake Baikal occupies a unique place among the Hun cities. It bears the basic features of the Hun cities in Mongolia and the Central Asia, while it appears as the most characteristic sample of the unique Hun city defense system
XIII. yuzyilin baslarinda Mogol Imparatorlugu’nun kurulmasiyla birlikte Avrasya’da baris ve huzur... more XIII. yuzyilin baslarinda Mogol Imparatorlugu’nun kurulmasiyla birlikte Avrasya’da baris ve huzur ortami yeniden tesis edilmistir. Imparatorlugu kuran Cengiz Han daha saltanatinin ilk yillarindan itibaren ticaretin onemini kavramis ve ticari faaliyetlerin gelistirilmesine yonelik calismalar yapmistir. Mogollarin Orta Asya’dan sonra Dogu Avrupa’ya girmeleriyle, bolgede ticari ve ekonomik iliskiler bir sureligine bozulsa da, ayni zamanda bolgedeki Turk kabilelerinin merkezi ve guclu bir devletin idaresinde birlestirilmesi, ticaretin yeniden gelismesine vesile olmustur. Mogollarin, bilhassa da Altin Orda Hanlarinin izlemis oldugu olumlu politikalar neticesinde Mogol akinlari sebebiyle kesintiye ugrayan ticaret yeniden canlanmis ve Dest-i Kipcak’a Bizansli, Italyan, Ermeni ve diger yabanci tuccarlar tekrar gelmeye baslamistir
e”, “yerim e” veya “evime”, “beyime”, “ulkeme” diye sozcukler sik karsimiza cikmaktadir. Olmus ol... more e”, “yerim e” veya “evime”, “beyime”, “ulkeme” diye sozcukler sik karsimiza cikmaktadir. Olmus olan asilzade (bey) icin yapilmis olan anitin dikilis torenine katilan boy ve kabile baskanlari anita kendi boy ve kabilelerine ait damgayi tasvir ettirmisler
Ortacagda ticaret devlet hazinesini olusturan en onemli kalemlerin basindadir. Bu donemde ticaret... more Ortacagda ticaret devlet hazinesini olusturan en onemli kalemlerin basindadir. Bu donemde ticaretin olgusal anlamda en fazla ihtiyac duydugu unsurlarin basinda, uygun ulasim vasitalari ve ticari mekânlarla ulasim yollarinin guvenligi gelmektedir. Hazinelerini bu onemli gelirlerden mahrum birakmak istemeyen hukumdarlar da uygun kosullarda ticari faaliyetler gerceklestirebilmek maksadiyla her turlu onlemi alma yoluna gitmislerdi. Asirlar boyunca Asya ve Avrupa’yi ticari ve ekonomik acidan birbirine baglayarak Avrasya kavramini ortaya cikaran Ipek Yolu, Cin’den Akdeniz’e kadar uzanan kervan yollarinin olusturdugu bir sistemdir Mogollarin Dogu Avrupa’ya gelislerinin ardindan bu bolgede ticari ve ekonomik iliskiler bir sureligine bozulmus olsa da, sonuc itibariyle Mogollar bolgedeki Turk kabilelerini merkezi ve guclu bir devletin idaresinde birlestirmis ve bolgede ticaretin yeniden gelismesini saglamislardi. XIII. Yuzyilin ikinci yarisindan itibaren Bati Avrupa ile Dogu Asya’yi birbirine...
Ġpek Yolu guzergâhinda ticari faaliyetlerde bulunan tuccarlarin pek cogunun ticaretin yani sira g... more Ġpek Yolu guzergâhinda ticari faaliyetlerde bulunan tuccarlarin pek cogunun ticaretin yani sira gerektiginde diplomat gerektiginde de muhbirlik yani ajanlik gorevi ustlendikleri bilinmektedir. Ozellikle uluslararasi boyutta ticaret yapan tuccarlar, hanlarin ve ust dereceli memurlarin saygisina mazhar olurlardi. Zira munhasiran bir elcilik heyeti tertip edilerek komĢu ulkelere gonderilmesi yerine, soz konusu guvenilir tuccarlar vasitasiyla mektuplar ilgili makamlara sorunsuzca ulaĢtirilirdi. Boylece bu iĢ icin yapilmasi gereken harcamalardan da tasarruf edilirdi. Ġpek Yolu’nda tuccarlari bir yandan bulunduklari ulkelerdeki ticari faaliyetlerini surdururken, bir yandan da ulkeye dair en tafsilatli bilgileri ustaca toplayip hizmetinde bulunduklari ulkenin idarecilerine ulaĢtirmak gibi son derece onemli bir misyon da yurutmekteydiler. Tuccarlarin bu ozellikleri ve yetenekleri de onlarin siyasi hayatta da vazgecilmez bir unsur olarak ortaya cikmasini saglamiĢtir.
Mogol Tarihi’nin en onemli sahsiyetlerinin basinda suphesiz Cengiz Kagan ve ogullari gelmektedir.... more Mogol Tarihi’nin en onemli sahsiyetlerinin basinda suphesiz Cengiz Kagan ve ogullari gelmektedir. Cengiz’in en buyuk oglu olan Cuci, henuz babasinin sagliginda olmus ve onun mirasi olan Cuci Ulusu’nun sinirlarini, ogullari Batu ve Berke basta olmak uzere, diger Altin Orda Hanlari daha da genisletmistir. Cuci, diger kardeslerine kiyasla daha geri planda kalmis gibi gorunse de, zekâsi ve ileri goruslulugu sayesinde Cengiz’in zaferlerinde onemli bir rol ustlenmistir. Cuci’nin, babasi Cengiz’in hayatinda edindigi yer mutlak suretle dikkate sayandir. Gerek kaynaklardaki veriler gerekse Cuci adinin onomastik acidan incelenmesi neticesinde Cengiz’in Cuci’yi gercek oglu olarak kabul ettigi anlasilmaktadir
"Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic ... more "Mongolia, with its vast steppes, wetlands, and large forests, has been home to many ethnic communities, especially Mongolian peoples, for thousands of years. Today, mainly Muslim Kazakhs and Khotons, Dukhans, who are in the same ethnic group as Shamanist Tuvans and continue their lives by herding deers, and the Çantuu, who are thought to be of Uzbek origin who possibly immigrated to Mongolia with the Turkestan Campaign of Genghis Khan have been living especially in the north-west and western regions of Mongolia. Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their own language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused the cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization."
The Mongol Empire, which emerged as a result of the Mongol unity under the leadership of Genghis ... more The Mongol Empire, which emerged as a result of the Mongol unity under the leadership of Genghis Khan has left its mark on world history as the world’s largest land empire ever. It is as difficult to establishing establish such an enormous state and to keep it alive. For this reason, thanks to the public diplomacy, which was laid down by Genghis Khan and passed on to future generations with the Steppe Law, which is known as the Genghis Law, it has succeeded in attaining the identity of a world empire politically, economically, and culturally. It is worth mentioning that the foundations of this policy put forward by Genghis Khan correspond to the Turkic perception of world domination. As Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state as is the case according to Chinese and the Turkic state traditions. He put forward a holistic worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms: Genghis Khan’s successors also continued to further his vision in all the lands they conquered, and espec...
Öz: 1206 yılında Cengiz Han liderliğinde birliğini sağlayan Moğollar, Avrasya'nın siyasi, ekonomi... more Öz: 1206 yılında Cengiz Han liderliğinde birliğini sağlayan Moğollar, Avrasya'nın siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel tarihinde son derece etkili bir rol oynayacakları bir dönemi de başlatmışlardır. Aynı yıl Nayman Hanı'nın sarayında yakalanan T'a-ta Tonga vasıtasıyla Cengiz Han idaresindeki Moğollar, yazıyla tanışmışlardır. Ardından 1224-1225 yılları arasında Harezm Seferi sonrasında dikilen Cengiz Taşı da bu yazıyla taşa kazınmış Moğolca'nın ilk yazılı belgesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Moğollar, 1206 yılı gibi geç bir dönemde yazıyla tanışmış olmalarına rağmen, Büyük Moğol İmparatorluğu bünyesinde yazının kullanımı hızlı bir şekilde yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu yeni oluşan yazı geleneği sayesinde de sözlü tarihlerini yazıya aktararak gelecek nesillere kıymetli bir tarihî mirası da ulaştırma başarısını göstermişlerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Moğollar, Yazı, Uygur Harfleri, Cengiz Taşı, Yesüngge Roots of Written Tradition in Mongolian History and " Chinggis' Stone " Abstract: Mongols were unified under the leadership of Chinggis Khan in 1206 which also marked a starting point of the important role that they played in political, economic and cultural history of Eurasia. The same year witnessed Mongols' introduction with writing under Chinggis Khan thanks to Tata-tonga who was captured in the palace of Naiman Khan. Then, in 1224-1225, Chinggis's Stone (Yesüngge) was erected after the Khwarezm campaign which has this writing on it and this marks the first inscription in Mongolian language. Mongols were introduced with writing in 1206, a relatively late date, nevertheless the utilization of writing spread quickly under the Great Mongolian Empire. This novel writing tradition enabled them to record their oral histories and a successful transfer of their valuable historical legacy to next generations. Giriş Yazının kullanımı ister konar-göçer, isterse yerleşik kültüre mensup uluslar tarafından kurulan devletler açısından son derece elzemdir. Devletin sevk ve idaresinde mutlak suretle yazıya ve bu yazıyla yapılacak yazışmalara ihtiyaç duyulacağı muhakkaktır. Ancak devlet geleneğinin güçlü olduğu milletlerde yazının kullanımı nispeten daha erken dönemlerde zuhur ederken, bazılarında ise gecikmeli, ancak mutlak suretle etkileşimli bir şekilde gerçekleşmiştir. Konar-göçer bir medeniyetin temsilcilerinden olan Moğollar, yeri geldiğinde bozkırdaki en büyük rakipleri, yeri geldiğinde en önemli müttefikleri olan Türklerle ortak bir tarihi ve kültürel geçmişe sahip olmalarına rağmen yazının kullanımı anlamında Türklerden
Batı Moğol halklarından Oyradlar tarafından kurulan Cungar Hanlığı, XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda O... more Batı Moğol halklarından Oyradlar tarafından kurulan Cungar Hanlığı, XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda Orta Asya siyasetine önemli ölçüde yön vermiştir. Ülkemizde Moğol Tarihine dair çalışmaların büyük oranda Cengiz ve Kubilay devirleriyle sınırlı olması, Moğol Tarihinin bu önemli devresine ışık tutan kitabın ilgi çekiciliğini artıran bir unsurdur. Bu yönüyle de yeni çalışmalara yol açıcı bir araştırmadır.
XIII.-XIV. yüzyıl Moğol tarihi hakkında bilgi veren Arapça (İbn el-Esir, Rükneddin Baybars, el-Mu... more XIII.-XIV. yüzyıl Moğol tarihi hakkında bilgi veren Arapça (İbn el-Esir, Rükneddin Baybars, el-Mufaddal, Nüveyrî vb.), Farsça (Reşidüddin Fazlullah, Ata Melik Cüveynî, Vassaf vb.), Çince (Yüan-shih, Chao-hung vb.), Latince (Plano Carpini, Wilhelm von Rubruck, Marco Polo, Pegolotti vb.) ve diğer kaynaklar arasında belki de en önemlisi Moğolların kendi tarihlerini kendilerinin anlattığı Mongyol-un niyuca tobciyan (Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi) olarak bilinen eserdir. Sözkonusu eser, Moğol tarihinin en eski kaynağı olup, Büyük Kurultay’ın 1240 yılının yedinci ayında Kerülen Nehri kıyısında toplandığı sırada yazılıp tamamlanmıştır. Bu kaynak eserin Moğolca aslı elimize ulaşmamış olmakla birlikte, Uygur harfli orijinalinin Çince karakterlerle Moğolca yazılmış olan nüshası sayesinde bilim dünyası bu eserden haberdar olmuştur. Edebi bir üslupla ve Uygur harfleriyle, sadece dönemin Moğol Hanedanlığı için yazılan eserin, Hanedan dışında kimse tarafından okunamaması sağlanmıştır. Kitap, çağımızdaki modern devletlerin sürekliliği için hazırlanan, bir nevi kılavuz niteliğinde olan ve bizde adına “Kırmızı Kitap” denilen gizli bir yasa kitabıdır. Moğolların Gizli Tarihçesi ilk kez Moğol araştırmacı Tsen Gun (Dük Tsend) tarafından 1915-1917 yılları arasında “Modern Moğolca”ya aktarılmış ve Türkçe de dahil 30’dan fazla dile çevrilmiştir.
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Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life, and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization.
According to Chinese and Turkic state traditions, Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state. He presented a comprehensive worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms. Genghis Khan's successors continued to uphold this vision in all the lands they conquered, particularly in Eurasia. From the latter half of the 13th century, the Mongol Empire ruled Eurasia for over a century and became one of the earliest and most significant examples of a holistic worldview through the policies followed by the Mongolian Khans.
Although the Turkic communities living in Mongolia came and settled in these lands in different periods, they have been able to continue to carry their identities until today by preserving their language and culture to a certain extent. However, due to rapidly changing global conditions, the loss of attraction of nomadic life among new generations, the socio-economic opportunities offered by urban life, and the migrations depending on these have increasingly caused cultural change in recent years. If the necessary measures are not taken, this cultural change and transformation will cause the loss of ethnic and cultural identities of the Turkic communities in Mongolia with the inevitable outcome of Mongolization.
According to Chinese and Turkic state traditions, Genghis Khan believed in one God and one state. He presented a comprehensive worldview in political, economic, and cultural terms. Genghis Khan's successors continued to uphold this vision in all the lands they conquered, particularly in Eurasia. From the latter half of the 13th century, the Mongol Empire ruled Eurasia for over a century and became one of the earliest and most significant examples of a holistic worldview through the policies followed by the Mongolian Khans.