Эпоха империй. Восточный Иран от Ахеменидов до Сасанидов: история, археология, культура, 2019
Статья посвящена новым находкам ахеменидских импортов на Южном Урале (серебряной обкладке ножки л... more Статья посвящена новым находкам ахеменидских импортов на Южном Урале (серебряной обкладке ножки ложа, а также части тулова серебряного сосуда, инкрустированного узкими полосками золотой фольги) и предварительным результатам их изучения.
The article is concerned with review of implements of early nomads bladed weapon from the site ne... more The article is concerned with review of implements of early nomads bladed weapon from the site near Pokrovka village, as well as Filippovka 1 and Prokhorovka sites, located in the Orenburg region. Analysis of implements concerns their typological, chronological and cultural affiliation. The samples of bladed weapons originate from complexes dated V–I centuries BC. The types of swords and daggers were separated based on a combination of forms of pommels and crossguards. Correlation of mutually occurred types in the groups with relative chronology was investigated. The peculiarity of the series of Acenaces from the site Filipovka 1 was remarked. It consisted in the fact that part of the implements encountered in the complexes of the late V - IV centuries BC finds numerous analogies among bladed weapons of earlier periods. In general, in all three sites there were found familiar types of swords and daggers which probably belonged to culturally close groups that inhabited the Uralic steppes, since the end of the VI c. BC.
Статья посвящена анализу материала из грунтового могильника у х. Штурбино в Адыгее. В ней рассмат... more Статья посвящена анализу материала из грунтового могильника у х. Штурбино в Адыгее. В ней рассматриваются некоторые особенности погребального обряда и отдельные категории инвентаря, такие как фибулы, зеркала, предметы вооружения и конской упряжи. Результаты этого анализа позволяют датировать могильник второй половиной I - серединой II в. н.э. и отнести его к памятникам так называемого «нового типа», характерным для меотской культуры Закубанья первых веков нашей эры.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the material from the burial ground at Shturbino farm in Adygea. Some features of the burial rite and specific categories of grave goods, such as fibulae, mirrors, weapons and horse harnesses are discussed in the article. The results of this analysis allow us to date the site to the second half of the I - middle II centuries AD and attributed it to one of the archaeological sites of the so-called «new type», typical for the Meotian culture of Zakubanie of the first centuries AD.
В статье публикуются результаты исследований некоторых краниологических материалов из па-
мятнико... more В статье публикуются результаты исследований некоторых краниологических материалов из па- мятников равнинной и горной Чечни – Алхан-Калинского подкурганного катакомбного могильника позднесарматского времени – начала гуннской эпохи и двух средневековых могильников – Ушкалой- ского катакомбного и грунтового Гордалинского.
This article is devoted to the find of a unique forged iron helmet from the Filippovka-1
Burial-... more This article is devoted to the find of a unique forged iron helmet from the Filippovka-1
Burial-ground of the Early Sarmatian culture, in the steppe near the southern foothills
of the Urals. The helmet was found in a fragmentary state and was later restored.
Analysis of the shape, manufacturing technology and specific features of its construction
was carried out. Like the other finds from the burial, the helmet was dated to the
4th century BC. It is most probable that it was made by a craftsman who belonged to a
nomadic population and was ordered so as to resemble bronze specimens.
В статье рассмотрена сводка бронзовых зеркал из погребений VI—I вв. до н. э. могильников у с. Пок... more В статье рассмотрена сводка бронзовых зеркал из погребений VI—I вв. до н. э. могильников у с. Покровка (Южное Приуралье). Проведенный анализ морфологии данной категории инвентаря позволил выделить шесть типов, соответствующих разработанным ранее типологиям. На основе взиамовстречаемости зеркал в комплексах с оружием некоторым экземплярам дана хронологическая оценка. Остальные зеркала датированы на основе аналогий и анализа стратиграфии комплексов. Рассмотрена специфика встречаемости зеркал в целом или во фрагментарном виде, а также соотношение с половозрастными характеристиками захоронений с зеркалами. Полученные результаты позволили выявить особенности использования зеркал в погребально-поминальной практике, характерные для ранних кочевников на данной территории в течение пяти выделенных хронологических периодов.
The paper deals with bronze mirrors from burials of the 6th – 1st centuries BC in the cemeteries near the village of Pokrovka in the South Urals area. The analysis of their morphology enabled us to distinguish six types corresponding to the adopted typologies. A chronological estimate of some items was based on co-occurrence of mirrors and weapons in the same complexes. The rest were dated through analogies and stratigraphy. The conditions of the occurrence of either intact or fragmented mirrors and the relation between their presence and age-sex characteristics of burials were also analysed. The results of the study revealed specific traits of the use of mirrors in burial and funeral rites characteristic of early nomads inhabiting the territory under study during the five distinguished chronological periods.
A unique iron hammered helmet was found in the barrow-ground belonging to the Early-
Sarmatian a... more A unique iron hammered helmet was found in the barrow-ground belonging to the Early-
Sarmatian archaeological culture Filippovka 1 (South Urals). The helmet was found in a
fragmentary state and later was restored. Analysis of the form, technology and construction
was made. After comparison with other finds the helmet was dated to the 4th century
BC, as well as the other finds from the burial ground. It is most probable that the helmet
was made by a master who was a member of the nomadic population and worked on order
reproducing bronze models.
The paper presents a recently discovered silver leg overlays and a fragment of a wooden
leg, whi... more The paper presents a recently discovered silver leg overlays and a fragment of a wooden
leg, which belonged to an item of luxury furniture (most probably a throne) of the Achaemenid
type in the vicinity of the «royal» Barrow-mound no. 1 of the Filippovka Barrow-ground.
A complex study of the unique fi nds (isotope analysis, metallography, attribution of wood art)
gives grounds to suppose that this piece of furniture was most probably made in the eastern part
of the Achaemenid state. In ancient times the throne was broken and repaired, but the repair was
made by less skilful craftsmen and probably in another workshop. Special attention is paid to the
place of the fi nd, the space between the barrow-mounds. Such situation may prove that barrowgrounds
of the early nomads at the foothills of the South Urals were not just burial places, but
could be used as sanctuaries.
The article covers the blade weapons from the 6th – 1st cc. burials at Pokrovka on the left bank ... more The article covers the blade weapons from the 6th – 1st cc. burials at Pokrovka on the left bank of the Ilek in
the Southern Urals. The author offers a typology of the artifacts based on traditional principles of classification.
All the combinations of the types of weapons in the assemblages have been analyzed; the types have
been grouped chronologically on the basis of analyzing quiver assemblages. The article dates the assemblages
which include blade weapons and rectifies the dating for the assemblages in which arrowheads have been
found along with swords and daggers. The results of the research show the trends in the development of blade
weapons in early nomad populations in the region.
The article tells of the arrowheads from burial complexes at the Pokrovka burial grounds (6th – 2... more The article tells of the arrowheads from burial complexes at the Pokrovka burial grounds (6th – 2nd cc. BC)
which are situated in the Ilek left bank region of the South Urals. The author suggests a typology for the items
based on the traditional principles of classification. For all the types, their combinations in the assemblages
have been studied. Six groups of quiver sets have been identified, and their relative chronological order. Thus,
we can date the assemblages which contain the arrowheads.
Влияния ахеменидской культуры в Южном Приуралье (V–III вв. до н.э.), 2012
графическая реконструкция золотого кубка из тайника №2 кургана №1 могильника Филипповка 1, хранящ... more графическая реконструкция золотого кубка из тайника №2 кургана №1 могильника Филипповка 1, хранящегося в Музее археологии и этнографии Института этнологии Уфимского научного центра РАН в смятом состоянии. В связи с этим была проведена его графическая реконструкция с целью определить истинную форму и объем сосуда.
В статье рассматриваются катакомбные погребения VI – I вв. до н.э. Анализ конструктивных особенно... more В статье рассматриваются катакомбные погребения VI – I вв. до н.э. Анализ конструктивных особенностей позволил выделить пять типов данных погребений. Уточняются вопросы, связанные с терминологией в историографии изучения данного вида конструкций и предлагается унифицированная схема их описания; а также вопросы, связанные со временем появления, распространения и исчезновения тех или иных типов катакомб в данном регионе.
Эпоха империй. Восточный Иран от Ахеменидов до Сасанидов: история, археология, культура, 2019
Статья посвящена новым находкам ахеменидских импортов на Южном Урале (серебряной обкладке ножки л... more Статья посвящена новым находкам ахеменидских импортов на Южном Урале (серебряной обкладке ножки ложа, а также части тулова серебряного сосуда, инкрустированного узкими полосками золотой фольги) и предварительным результатам их изучения.
The article is concerned with review of implements of early nomads bladed weapon from the site ne... more The article is concerned with review of implements of early nomads bladed weapon from the site near Pokrovka village, as well as Filippovka 1 and Prokhorovka sites, located in the Orenburg region. Analysis of implements concerns their typological, chronological and cultural affiliation. The samples of bladed weapons originate from complexes dated V–I centuries BC. The types of swords and daggers were separated based on a combination of forms of pommels and crossguards. Correlation of mutually occurred types in the groups with relative chronology was investigated. The peculiarity of the series of Acenaces from the site Filipovka 1 was remarked. It consisted in the fact that part of the implements encountered in the complexes of the late V - IV centuries BC finds numerous analogies among bladed weapons of earlier periods. In general, in all three sites there were found familiar types of swords and daggers which probably belonged to culturally close groups that inhabited the Uralic steppes, since the end of the VI c. BC.
Статья посвящена анализу материала из грунтового могильника у х. Штурбино в Адыгее. В ней рассмат... more Статья посвящена анализу материала из грунтового могильника у х. Штурбино в Адыгее. В ней рассматриваются некоторые особенности погребального обряда и отдельные категории инвентаря, такие как фибулы, зеркала, предметы вооружения и конской упряжи. Результаты этого анализа позволяют датировать могильник второй половиной I - серединой II в. н.э. и отнести его к памятникам так называемого «нового типа», характерным для меотской культуры Закубанья первых веков нашей эры.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the material from the burial ground at Shturbino farm in Adygea. Some features of the burial rite and specific categories of grave goods, such as fibulae, mirrors, weapons and horse harnesses are discussed in the article. The results of this analysis allow us to date the site to the second half of the I - middle II centuries AD and attributed it to one of the archaeological sites of the so-called «new type», typical for the Meotian culture of Zakubanie of the first centuries AD.
В статье публикуются результаты исследований некоторых краниологических материалов из па-
мятнико... more В статье публикуются результаты исследований некоторых краниологических материалов из па- мятников равнинной и горной Чечни – Алхан-Калинского подкурганного катакомбного могильника позднесарматского времени – начала гуннской эпохи и двух средневековых могильников – Ушкалой- ского катакомбного и грунтового Гордалинского.
This article is devoted to the find of a unique forged iron helmet from the Filippovka-1
Burial-... more This article is devoted to the find of a unique forged iron helmet from the Filippovka-1
Burial-ground of the Early Sarmatian culture, in the steppe near the southern foothills
of the Urals. The helmet was found in a fragmentary state and was later restored.
Analysis of the shape, manufacturing technology and specific features of its construction
was carried out. Like the other finds from the burial, the helmet was dated to the
4th century BC. It is most probable that it was made by a craftsman who belonged to a
nomadic population and was ordered so as to resemble bronze specimens.
В статье рассмотрена сводка бронзовых зеркал из погребений VI—I вв. до н. э. могильников у с. Пок... more В статье рассмотрена сводка бронзовых зеркал из погребений VI—I вв. до н. э. могильников у с. Покровка (Южное Приуралье). Проведенный анализ морфологии данной категории инвентаря позволил выделить шесть типов, соответствующих разработанным ранее типологиям. На основе взиамовстречаемости зеркал в комплексах с оружием некоторым экземплярам дана хронологическая оценка. Остальные зеркала датированы на основе аналогий и анализа стратиграфии комплексов. Рассмотрена специфика встречаемости зеркал в целом или во фрагментарном виде, а также соотношение с половозрастными характеристиками захоронений с зеркалами. Полученные результаты позволили выявить особенности использования зеркал в погребально-поминальной практике, характерные для ранних кочевников на данной территории в течение пяти выделенных хронологических периодов.
The paper deals with bronze mirrors from burials of the 6th – 1st centuries BC in the cemeteries near the village of Pokrovka in the South Urals area. The analysis of their morphology enabled us to distinguish six types corresponding to the adopted typologies. A chronological estimate of some items was based on co-occurrence of mirrors and weapons in the same complexes. The rest were dated through analogies and stratigraphy. The conditions of the occurrence of either intact or fragmented mirrors and the relation between their presence and age-sex characteristics of burials were also analysed. The results of the study revealed specific traits of the use of mirrors in burial and funeral rites characteristic of early nomads inhabiting the territory under study during the five distinguished chronological periods.
A unique iron hammered helmet was found in the barrow-ground belonging to the Early-
Sarmatian a... more A unique iron hammered helmet was found in the barrow-ground belonging to the Early-
Sarmatian archaeological culture Filippovka 1 (South Urals). The helmet was found in a
fragmentary state and later was restored. Analysis of the form, technology and construction
was made. After comparison with other finds the helmet was dated to the 4th century
BC, as well as the other finds from the burial ground. It is most probable that the helmet
was made by a master who was a member of the nomadic population and worked on order
reproducing bronze models.
The paper presents a recently discovered silver leg overlays and a fragment of a wooden
leg, whi... more The paper presents a recently discovered silver leg overlays and a fragment of a wooden
leg, which belonged to an item of luxury furniture (most probably a throne) of the Achaemenid
type in the vicinity of the «royal» Barrow-mound no. 1 of the Filippovka Barrow-ground.
A complex study of the unique fi nds (isotope analysis, metallography, attribution of wood art)
gives grounds to suppose that this piece of furniture was most probably made in the eastern part
of the Achaemenid state. In ancient times the throne was broken and repaired, but the repair was
made by less skilful craftsmen and probably in another workshop. Special attention is paid to the
place of the fi nd, the space between the barrow-mounds. Such situation may prove that barrowgrounds
of the early nomads at the foothills of the South Urals were not just burial places, but
could be used as sanctuaries.
The article covers the blade weapons from the 6th – 1st cc. burials at Pokrovka on the left bank ... more The article covers the blade weapons from the 6th – 1st cc. burials at Pokrovka on the left bank of the Ilek in
the Southern Urals. The author offers a typology of the artifacts based on traditional principles of classification.
All the combinations of the types of weapons in the assemblages have been analyzed; the types have
been grouped chronologically on the basis of analyzing quiver assemblages. The article dates the assemblages
which include blade weapons and rectifies the dating for the assemblages in which arrowheads have been
found along with swords and daggers. The results of the research show the trends in the development of blade
weapons in early nomad populations in the region.
The article tells of the arrowheads from burial complexes at the Pokrovka burial grounds (6th – 2... more The article tells of the arrowheads from burial complexes at the Pokrovka burial grounds (6th – 2nd cc. BC)
which are situated in the Ilek left bank region of the South Urals. The author suggests a typology for the items
based on the traditional principles of classification. For all the types, their combinations in the assemblages
have been studied. Six groups of quiver sets have been identified, and their relative chronological order. Thus,
we can date the assemblages which contain the arrowheads.
Влияния ахеменидской культуры в Южном Приуралье (V–III вв. до н.э.), 2012
графическая реконструкция золотого кубка из тайника №2 кургана №1 могильника Филипповка 1, хранящ... more графическая реконструкция золотого кубка из тайника №2 кургана №1 могильника Филипповка 1, хранящегося в Музее археологии и этнографии Института этнологии Уфимского научного центра РАН в смятом состоянии. В связи с этим была проведена его графическая реконструкция с целью определить истинную форму и объем сосуда.
В статье рассматриваются катакомбные погребения VI – I вв. до н.э. Анализ конструктивных особенно... more В статье рассматриваются катакомбные погребения VI – I вв. до н.э. Анализ конструктивных особенностей позволил выделить пять типов данных погребений. Уточняются вопросы, связанные с терминологией в историографии изучения данного вида конструкций и предлагается унифицированная схема их описания; а также вопросы, связанные со временем появления, распространения и исчезновения тех или иных типов катакомб в данном регионе.
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Papers by Olga Frizen
The article is devoted to the analysis of the material from the burial ground at Shturbino farm in Adygea. Some features of the burial rite and specific categories of grave goods, such as fibulae, mirrors, weapons and horse harnesses are discussed in the article. The results of this analysis allow us to date the site to the second half of the I - middle II centuries AD and attributed it to one of the archaeological sites of the so-called «new type», typical for the Meotian culture of Zakubanie of the first centuries AD.
мятников равнинной и горной Чечни – Алхан-Калинского подкурганного катакомбного могильника
позднесарматского времени – начала гуннской эпохи и двух средневековых могильников – Ушкалой-
ского катакомбного и грунтового Гордалинского.
Burial-ground of the Early Sarmatian culture, in the steppe near the southern foothills
of the Urals. The helmet was found in a fragmentary state and was later restored.
Analysis of the shape, manufacturing technology and specific features of its construction
was carried out. Like the other finds from the burial, the helmet was dated to the
4th century BC. It is most probable that it was made by a craftsman who belonged to a
nomadic population and was ordered so as to resemble bronze specimens.
выявить особенности использования зеркал в погребально-поминальной практике, характерные для ранних кочевников на данной территории в течение пяти выделенных хронологических периодов.
The paper deals with bronze mirrors from burials of the 6th – 1st centuries BC in the cemeteries near the village of Pokrovka in the South Urals area. The analysis of their morphology enabled us to distinguish six types corresponding to the adopted typologies. A chronological estimate of some items was based on co-occurrence of mirrors and weapons in the same complexes. The rest were dated through analogies and stratigraphy. The conditions of the occurrence of either intact or fragmented mirrors and the relation between their presence and age-sex characteristics of burials were also analysed. The results of the study revealed specific traits of the use of mirrors in burial and funeral rites characteristic of early nomads inhabiting the territory under study during the five distinguished chronological periods.
Sarmatian archaeological culture Filippovka 1 (South Urals). The helmet was found in a
fragmentary state and later was restored. Analysis of the form, technology and construction
was made. After comparison with other finds the helmet was dated to the 4th century
BC, as well as the other finds from the burial ground. It is most probable that the helmet
was made by a master who was a member of the nomadic population and worked on order
reproducing bronze models.
leg, which belonged to an item of luxury furniture (most probably a throne) of the Achaemenid
type in the vicinity of the «royal» Barrow-mound no. 1 of the Filippovka Barrow-ground.
A complex study of the unique fi nds (isotope analysis, metallography, attribution of wood art)
gives grounds to suppose that this piece of furniture was most probably made in the eastern part
of the Achaemenid state. In ancient times the throne was broken and repaired, but the repair was
made by less skilful craftsmen and probably in another workshop. Special attention is paid to the
place of the fi nd, the space between the barrow-mounds. Such situation may prove that barrowgrounds
of the early nomads at the foothills of the South Urals were not just burial places, but
could be used as sanctuaries.
the Southern Urals. The author offers a typology of the artifacts based on traditional principles of classification.
All the combinations of the types of weapons in the assemblages have been analyzed; the types have
been grouped chronologically on the basis of analyzing quiver assemblages. The article dates the assemblages
which include blade weapons and rectifies the dating for the assemblages in which arrowheads have been
found along with swords and daggers. The results of the research show the trends in the development of blade
weapons in early nomad populations in the region.
which are situated in the Ilek left bank region of the South Urals. The author suggests a typology for the items
based on the traditional principles of classification. For all the types, their combinations in the assemblages
have been studied. Six groups of quiver sets have been identified, and their relative chronological order. Thus,
we can date the assemblages which contain the arrowheads.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the material from the burial ground at Shturbino farm in Adygea. Some features of the burial rite and specific categories of grave goods, such as fibulae, mirrors, weapons and horse harnesses are discussed in the article. The results of this analysis allow us to date the site to the second half of the I - middle II centuries AD and attributed it to one of the archaeological sites of the so-called «new type», typical for the Meotian culture of Zakubanie of the first centuries AD.
мятников равнинной и горной Чечни – Алхан-Калинского подкурганного катакомбного могильника
позднесарматского времени – начала гуннской эпохи и двух средневековых могильников – Ушкалой-
ского катакомбного и грунтового Гордалинского.
Burial-ground of the Early Sarmatian culture, in the steppe near the southern foothills
of the Urals. The helmet was found in a fragmentary state and was later restored.
Analysis of the shape, manufacturing technology and specific features of its construction
was carried out. Like the other finds from the burial, the helmet was dated to the
4th century BC. It is most probable that it was made by a craftsman who belonged to a
nomadic population and was ordered so as to resemble bronze specimens.
выявить особенности использования зеркал в погребально-поминальной практике, характерные для ранних кочевников на данной территории в течение пяти выделенных хронологических периодов.
The paper deals with bronze mirrors from burials of the 6th – 1st centuries BC in the cemeteries near the village of Pokrovka in the South Urals area. The analysis of their morphology enabled us to distinguish six types corresponding to the adopted typologies. A chronological estimate of some items was based on co-occurrence of mirrors and weapons in the same complexes. The rest were dated through analogies and stratigraphy. The conditions of the occurrence of either intact or fragmented mirrors and the relation between their presence and age-sex characteristics of burials were also analysed. The results of the study revealed specific traits of the use of mirrors in burial and funeral rites characteristic of early nomads inhabiting the territory under study during the five distinguished chronological periods.
Sarmatian archaeological culture Filippovka 1 (South Urals). The helmet was found in a
fragmentary state and later was restored. Analysis of the form, technology and construction
was made. After comparison with other finds the helmet was dated to the 4th century
BC, as well as the other finds from the burial ground. It is most probable that the helmet
was made by a master who was a member of the nomadic population and worked on order
reproducing bronze models.
leg, which belonged to an item of luxury furniture (most probably a throne) of the Achaemenid
type in the vicinity of the «royal» Barrow-mound no. 1 of the Filippovka Barrow-ground.
A complex study of the unique fi nds (isotope analysis, metallography, attribution of wood art)
gives grounds to suppose that this piece of furniture was most probably made in the eastern part
of the Achaemenid state. In ancient times the throne was broken and repaired, but the repair was
made by less skilful craftsmen and probably in another workshop. Special attention is paid to the
place of the fi nd, the space between the barrow-mounds. Such situation may prove that barrowgrounds
of the early nomads at the foothills of the South Urals were not just burial places, but
could be used as sanctuaries.
the Southern Urals. The author offers a typology of the artifacts based on traditional principles of classification.
All the combinations of the types of weapons in the assemblages have been analyzed; the types have
been grouped chronologically on the basis of analyzing quiver assemblages. The article dates the assemblages
which include blade weapons and rectifies the dating for the assemblages in which arrowheads have been
found along with swords and daggers. The results of the research show the trends in the development of blade
weapons in early nomad populations in the region.
which are situated in the Ilek left bank region of the South Urals. The author suggests a typology for the items
based on the traditional principles of classification. For all the types, their combinations in the assemblages
have been studied. Six groups of quiver sets have been identified, and their relative chronological order. Thus,
we can date the assemblages which contain the arrowheads.