Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)

Institute of Archaeology of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Journal, Department Member

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Artur Kharinskii

Irkutsk State Technical University

Sergey Bocharov

Sevastopol State University

Olga (Ольга) Orfinskaya (Орфинская)

Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Orgilbayar Samdantsoodol

Dmitrii Kichigin

Irkutsk State Technical University

The Lower Volga Archaeologocal Bulletin

Mr. Tugus

Maria Ochir

Institute of Archaeology of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan

Nikolay Kradin

INSTITUTE OF HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF FAR EAST OF FAR EASTERN BRANCH OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (IHAE FEB RAS)

Alexey Kovalev

Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences

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Journal Archive by Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)

Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (46) 2023

доктор исторических наук, профессор (Самара, Россия) М.Ш. Галимова-кандидат исторических наук (Ка... more доктор исторических наук, профессор (Самара, Россия) М.Ш. Галимова-кандидат исторических наук (Казань, Россия) Р.Д. Голдина-доктор исторических наук, профессор (Ижевск, Россия) С.В. Кузьминых-кандидат исторических наук (Москва, Россия) А.Е. Леонтьев-доктор исторических наук (Москва, Россия) Т.Б. Никитина-доктор исторических наук (Йошкар-Ола, Россия) А.А. Чижевский-кандидат исторических наук (Казань, Россия) Ответственный за выпуск: А.Г. Ситдиков-академик АН РТ, доктор исторических наук

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (45) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (44) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (43) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (42) 2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (41) 2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (40).2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (39).2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (38).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (37).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (36).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (35). 2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (34). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (33). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2(32). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1(31). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4(30). 2019

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya №3 (29).

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (46) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (45) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (44) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (43) 2023

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (42) 2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (41) 2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (40).2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (39).2022

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (38).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (37).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (36).2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (35). 2021

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4 (34). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №3 (33). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2(32). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1(31). 2020

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №4(30). 2019

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Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya №3 (29).

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Burials of the XIII–XIV centuries in the Egiin-Gol river valley (Northern Mongolia): burial rite features. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article analyzes of the results of studies, condacted in 1997–2000 by archaeologists in the E... more The article analyzes of the results of studies, condacted in 1997–2000 by archaeologists in the Egiin Gol river valley, northern Mongolia. The findings of 3 burial grounds, where burials of the XIII–XIV centuries were excavated, were examined – Mukhdagiin am, Kholtost nuga and Elst hotol. Based on the characteristics of the funeral rite, 4 groups of burials have been identified. The first included 9 graves from the necropolises of Elst hotol and Kholtost nuga. Corpses in them were placed without additional intra-grave structures. They were laid on their backs. The body was oriented with the head facing northwest, north, northeast or east. A shin, head or part of the spine of small cattle were placed near the hands or feet of the deceased in the grave. The second group included 4 burials of the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. The deceased were placed in wooden coffins and were oriented with their heads to the north or northwest. The shin of a sheep was placed vertically near the head. The third group included single burial of the the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. It had an undercut in the grave pit, where the body was buried. The fourth group included a grave from the Kholtost nuga necropolis. In it the deceased was wrapped in birch bark. During the first half of the II millennium, in the lower part of the Egiin Gola valley, the dominant position was occupied by the bearers of burial traditions of the first group. Representatives of the second group of burials appear in this area in the XIII century, comparable to the Sayantui funeral rite. The burials of the third and fourth groups date back to the beginning of the II millennium.

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Burial rite of the population of the Golden Horde city of Madjar: problems of study and debatable issues. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The paper deals with some issues in the historiography of the burial rite of the population of th... more The paper deals with some issues in the historiography of the burial rite of the population of the Golden Horde city of Madjar. From 1989 to 2020, some small sites in the trade and craft quarter and in the cemetery in Madjar were examined. Recently, craniological, archeozoological and palynological studies have been carried out. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a number of valuable archival materials of the XVIII–XIX centuries have been found and published. In 2021, the boundaries of the ancient settlement were established. Alongside with these achievements, there has been a lag in the study of the burial rite of the city’s population, which was caused by insufficient study of the city’s cemetery. In 2020, I.B. Tishchenko excavated 10 burials in the north-western part of the cemetery, significantly adding to the available source base. In 2022, E.I. Narozhny, I.B. Tishchenko and A.A. Sazonov published a series of articles with the analysis of the burials which had been studied in 2020. The articles contain controversial statements that do not take into account the materials of the research on the Madjar necropolises and some other Golden Horde sites. The Madjar cemetery needs large-scale research.

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Medieval burials of Taldinskiy-1 burial ground. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article deals with the burials at the Taldy-1 burial ground (Republic of Kazakhstan). They be... more The article deals with the burials at the Taldy-1 burial ground (Republic of Kazakhstan). They belong to the early and classical Middle Ages. Despite the low information content of the early medieval burials, they are of interest at the regional, central Kazakhstan level. The burials considered expand the factual base that is currently insufficient. The burial rite is clearly presented in building No 58. Here, the burial of a child was investigated. It was accompanied by the cattle skeleton. The skeleton position bears a resemblance the posture of a horse in the studied burials of the Turkic culture. The burial of the classical Middle Ages is dated to the XIII century by the radiocarbon method. It was a non-inventory burial of a girl aged 12–13 years. The burial was arranged in a pit. A graphic reconstruction of the appearance was carried out on the skull. The peculiarities of the burial rites allow the researchers to raise the issue of identifying syncretic Muslim-pagan assemblages and the spread of Islam in Central Kazakhstan. Analyzing the materials of the region, it is possible to establish the duration of the process of ritual transformation, which lasted for at least two centuries.

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Karshi-Bair burial ground in Southwestern Crimea (results of the study and general characteristics). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

In 1998–2002, field studies of the Karshi-Bair necropolis, located near the village of Verkhne-Sa... more In 1998–2002, field studies of the Karshi-Bair necropolis, located near the village of Verkhne-Sadovoye, were conducted. The burial structures are represented by vaults, undercut and underground graves, dug in dense soil. Many materials have been published (so far only in a preliminary plan) and entered the arsenal of historiography. A variety of inventory – red lacquer and hand-made pottery, glassware, beads, metal fibulas, buckles, mirrors, pendants, toilet set, etc. It was possible to determine these artefacts, belonging to the Alans, and to establish the chronological framework of burials within the V – beginning of the VII centuries. Its consideration makes it possible to correct the ethnopolitical situation in the Southwestern Crimea. The population that left it, during the era of the Hunnic campaigns, did not moved deep into the peninsula, but remained in the foothill part, experiencing a strong influence Chersonese – Kherson as the most important center of late Antique culture. Part of the inventory is related to the era of the First Turkic Khaganate. It is planned to publish all the materials of the excavations and discuss them in a broad context antiquities of the western part of Eurasia. As a result, the Karshi-Bair necropolis should take its original place among the sites of the Migration period.

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Gorodni in Siberia and the Far East in the late XVI–XVII centuries. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

There is a confusion in the use of the terms “gorodni” and “tarasa”, related to the construction ... more There is a confusion in the use of the terms “gorodni” and “tarasa”, related to the construction of walls, in written sources and historiography on the architecture of the fortifications of the Russian state in Siberia and the Far East. The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, was to clarify the meaning of the term “gorodni” in written sources. The factual base consists of written, archaeological and cartographic sources. It is established that the term “gorodni” is earlier in relation to the term “tarasa”. The change of terminology did not reflect changes in the wall structure. Such a structure of defensive walls as a gorodni was not used in the region under study. Both of these terms imply a tarasa structure, which were called “gorodni” in written sources until the middle of the XVII century, and from the second half of the XVII century mainly “tarasa”.

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Architectural decoration of the mausoleum no. 1 of the khan necropolis nearby the village of Lapas in the Astrakhan region. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

This article continues a series of scientific works aimed at the study of the central mausoleum o... more This article continues a series of scientific works aimed at the study of the central mausoleum of the Khan necropolis nearby the village of Lapas in the Astrakhan region. It deals with one of the elements of architectural decoration – a tile-lintel, most often found and having a wide variety of types. The article examines the genesis of this type of tile and the ways of its appearance in the Lower Volga region. A wide range of analogies at the sites of medieval architecture of Central Asia is engaged. The authors made a technological analysis of this group of items, examined in detail all the types of revealed ornaments, and determined a scheme for recording the sizes of the findings. For the first time, a detailed typology has been developed for the tiles-lintels, including all the samples known on the site to date. In addition to architectural and artistic features, tiles-lintels have a chrono-marker function, allowing, together with other information sources, to date the construction time of the mausoleum.

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Fortified settlements of the XII–XIV centuries in the European Northeast. Pozheg hillfort (reconstruction experience). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article presents a brief review of the results of studies of the fortification lines of the P... more The article presents a brief review of the results of studies of the fortification lines of the Pozheg hillfort – the only well-fortified settlement studied in the European Northeast (Komi Republic), which functioned during the XII–XIV centuries. This small hillfort (about 1550 m 2) was founded in the valley of the Vym River as an Old Rus outpost on the way to the Trans-Urals. It reached its greatest prosperity in the first half of the XIII century. The remains of buildings of three construction stages (XII, XIII and XIV centuries) have been studied by excavations at the site, the system of wood and earth fortifications (ditches, log walls, bulwarks) typical for small fortresses of medieval Russia has been discovered. An attempt is made to reconstruct the general appearance of the defensive structures of the Pozheg ancient settlement and a preliminary assessment of the main labor inputs in their construction is carried out. The types of fortress buildings are distinguished, the schemes of defensive lines, the size of the ancient settlement and their changes by stages of construction are considered.

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To the issue of the historical topography of Otrartobe. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

Research on historical topography of Medieval cities is associated with names of prominent archae... more Research on historical topography of Medieval cities is associated with names of prominent archaeologists: M.E. Masson, O.G. Bolshakov, Kazakhstan: K.A. Akishev, K.M. Baipakov and L.B. Erzakovich. The great city, known as Otrar, changed its names many times during its long history (Turar, Turarbent, Turarkent, Farab). It was one of the largest urban centers of pre-Mongol Central Asia. The city localized on the largest fortified site Otrartobe of urban culture in the Middle Syrdarya. This article based on publications and reports of last decades of research. The results of modern technologies are involved. According to the revealed data, it was possible to define the area of the districts of the city more exactly, increasing it up to 400 hectares. Getting a height of cultural layers up to 18 m residents abandoned Otrartobe on the threshold of the New Age. Life never renewed on it. The city has gone through several stages of growth and decline during two thousand years of its history. The city loses its paramount importance in 1219, gradually becoming a large but anyway ordinary city, giving primacy to Turkestan and Sairam. The period of its greatest prosperity and influence of Otrar was in the Early Turkic time and the era of the "Muslim Renaissance" as evidenced by the developed three-part structure of Otrartobe.

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The medIeval Dashbulag settlement. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article deals with the archaeological excavation of the Dashbulag settlement located in Shamk... more The article deals with the archaeological excavation of the Dashbulag settlement located in Shamkir district in the west of Azerbaijan. The step-by-step progress of the archaeological excavations conducted in the medieval settlement of Dashbulag, the discovered production and farm buildings, household devices, numerous and diverse examples of material culture are described in detail in the article. Archaeological excavations in the village-type settlement with a planned structure were carried out in three stages in 2004, 2005 and 2014 years. Based on the observation of the sediment of the cultural layer during the archaeological excavations carried out at the settlement, which consists of one cultural layer (the thickness of the layer is 1-1.5m depending on the relief), and the analysis of the actual materials uncovered, it was established that a village-type settlement with a free-plan structure existed here in the Middle Ages. Life in the medieval village of Dashbulag, built in the 9th century, was intense until the beginning of the 13th century, gradually declined after the Mongol campaigns, and continued until the end of the 18th century with some intermittent breaks. Remains of civil and economic buildings, rich handicraft products discovered as a result of archaeological excavations in the medieval settlement of Dashbulag are evidence of the economic and farming life of the medieval inhabitants of the area, as well as pottery, metalworking, glassworking, bone-processing, etc. allows to follow the characteristics and development dynamics of art fields. The analysis of the artifacts gives reason to say that the art fields in the medieval village of Dashbulag did not lag behind, on the contrary, some regions went further than the village-type settlements.

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“Temple” at the Baba-ata fortifi ed settlement, a monument of fallacies. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article deals with the results of the archaeological works, conducted at the Baba-Ata fortifi... more The article deals with the results of the archaeological works, conducted at the Baba-Ata fortified settlement in 1950s. During the study of the settlement citadel, three building horizons, connected by a well with a total length of 15 m, were identified. The lower horizon of the citadel with a central domed room, where there was a well with an underground passage, turned out to be unique in its own way. Having no similar analogues, the construction on the lower horizon gave rise to a lot of different interpretations among specialists, who considered this building as a homestead, castle, temple, sanctuary, khanqah, etc. The architectural archaeological analysis of the entire complex of sources (articles, excavation journals of expedition participants, drawings and photographs of objects under study, etc.), some of which have not been published anywhere, made it possible to give a completely different interpretation and dating of the site. The Baba-Ata fortified settlement is identified with the city of Baruket in Arabic sources, it was built by the Samanids at the beginning of the 10th century as a border point in the northeast of the empire against the Guzes Initially, the lower horizon construction consisted of two floors. The lower – semibasement, which caused a lot of controversy, was a shelter with the possibility of evacuation through the underground passage during the hostilities and has no analogues, being a kind of only building in medieval architecture of Central Asia.

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Features of the pottery assemblage of the XIII–XIV centuries from excavations of the Syukeyevsky Vzvoz II Campsite medieval sediments. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article deals with the ceramic material from the excavations of 2021 on the territory of the ... more The article deals with the ceramic material from the excavations of 2021 on the territory of the multilayer archaeological site Syukeyevsky Vzvoz II. Judging by the totality of the finds (metal slag and pig iron, blanks and semi-finished iron products, blacksmithing tools), a blacksmithing workshop could have been located here in the Golden Horde period. Russian pottery make up the majority of the assemblage, which suggests that there is a settlement of immigrants from Russian lands here. By the nature of the finds, this location can be interpreted as the artisan periphery of a small urban-type settlement associated with iron processing.

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Study of cast iron pots and slags from Salovka I settlement. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article presents the geometric size and shapes of cast-iron pots which were found at the Salo... more The article presents the geometric size and shapes of cast-iron pots which were found at the Salovka I settlement in the Upper Sura region. Also the paper reflects the results of studies of one of the fragments of a cast-iron pots, repair plate and slag from the settlement. Slag samples were studied by chemical analysis using methods for the determination the iron content in ores, concentrates and agglomerates. The repair plate and a fragment of the cast iron pot were analyzed using an electron beam spectrograph. In results a noticeable amount of phosphorus was found in the studied samples. This is due to the use of marsh, lake and meadow ores as raw materials for the local ferrous metallurgy. In order to form a statistical database on iron casting and blacksmithing in the Upper Sura basin and other areas, it is necessary to conduct further analytical research.

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Agricultural implements of medieval Novgorod: systematization, chronology. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

Over a long period of archaeological study of Novgorod, a rich collection of medieval antiquities... more Over a long period of archaeological study of Novgorod, a rich collection of medieval antiquities was accumulated, which reflects all areas of activity of its inhabitants in the Middle Ages. In particular, household items are widely represented, among which a small group of agricultural implements stands out, which makes it possible to trace the history of the development of agricultural technology for the territory of Novgorod. The article provides a detailed description of the collection of agricultural implements, and the necessary research has been carried out to systematize them based on classifications developed by domestic archaeologists. The chronological framework of the work covers the period from the mid-10th to the 15th centuries, which is due to the peculiarities of the preservation of the cultural layer on the territory of Novgorod. Written, visual and ethnographic materials were also analyzed as part of this study.

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The results of the study of mass ceramics from the excavations at the medieval fortifi ed settlement of Ken-Bulun in 2022 (Chui Valley, Kyrgyzstan). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article presents the results of a thorough study of ceramic finds from the Ken-Bulun settleme... more The article presents the results of a thorough study of ceramic finds from the Ken-Bulun settlement of the Chuy region of Kyrgyzstan, obtained during the 2022 field season. Knowledge about the initial plastic raw materials has been extended: in addition to clay raw materials, there are indictors of the use of clay-like raw materials, such as loess. Two traditions of clay preparation were also recorded: wet and dry. Three traditions were revealed in the composition of the molding masses: one mixed and two unmixed. In addition, the information on the design of vessels has been clarified and supplemented: some of the products have signs of using mold-models. The study of the ornamentation was incomplete due to the fragmentary nature of the finds, so, the article provides data on the first level of technical and technological analysis – a description of the elements of the ornament and the definition of the type of tool used to create the ornament. The set of ceramic forms is quite extensive and includes cookingware, tableware, transport ceramics, as well as household items. The ornament and shapes of Ken-Bulun pottery bring them closer to the pottery assemblages from other settlements of the Chuy Valley, as well as Southern Kazakhstan.

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Bracelets of the Romny culture population. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №2 (48) 2024

The article presents the results of an analysis of Romny culture bracelets in order to reveal the... more The article presents the results of an analysis of Romny culture bracelets in order to reveal the sources of origin of certain forms. In total, 48 bracelets were recorded, excluding 7 items of the 1915 hoard from Korobkino, which is the subject of a special publication. The most popular bracelets were made of wire with expanding ends (30 items), the prototypes of which are well known among Slavic antiquities of the VI–VIII centuries. These items, along with plate bracelets with expanding ends (6 items), that appeared in Volyntsevo time, act as a kind of marker of the Romny culture at the Eastern European Slavic-Russian sites of the IX–X centuries. Russian imports are represented by a wire bracelet with tied ends from Shpilevka, as well as jewelry from Korobkino. Four thin wire bracelets reflect the influence of Khazar fashion. The use of silver as a raw material (3 items) suggests their local production. Two iron plate bracelets with loops at the ends most likely came directly from the Khaganate. There are weak connections with the Finnish environment of the Volga region, as well as contacts between the inhabitants of Novotroitskoe and Truvorovo hillforts. In general, the set of Romny bracelets represents an essentially original phenomenon.

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Images of Fish in the Rock Art of the Ancient Population of Northern Europe. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

The article presents the results of the analysis of the study of the image of fish in the rock ar... more The article presents the results of the analysis of the study of the image of fish in the rock art of ancient hunters and fishermen of Northern Europe (final VI – III BC). During the study, 134 fish figures were studied on 6 rock paintings and in 17 clusters of petroglyphs of Fennoscandia. The small proportion of fish figures in relation to the total number of images on the rocks of the region, with a high proportion of fishing in the primitive economy, established by bone remains at Neo-Eneolithic sites, suggests a mythological basis for the images under consideration. Spatial differences in the appearance of fish figures in Northern Europe make it possible to distinguish two areas (western and eastern), radically different in the style of the ichthyomorph image. The rock art mainly reflects representatives of the largest fish species that lived in the region: catfish, sturgeon, halibut, pike, salmon, whitefish. In the bone remains at the sites located near the clusters of rock carvings, other types of fish are usually dominant: zander, cod. In the compositions of fishing, as in other hunting scenes carved on the petroglyphs of Fennoscandia, only active methods of its extraction are presented, although there is numerous archaeological evidence of the use by the inhabitants of the region for catching fish and other animals of various types of traps.

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New Results and Ideas of the Archaeological Research on Early Hungarian History in the Eurasian Context. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

As Early Hungarian history is a resource-poor research area, archaeology, a field of science with... more As Early Hungarian history is a resource-poor research area, archaeology, a field of science with rapidly increasing resource material, is of paramount importance. It is important to emphasize that in the case of archaeology, there is also a significant expansion in research methods, mainly thanks to the bioarchaeological studies that have started with great momentum. In recent years, the most significant archaeological results of Early Hungarian history were the explosive increase in the number of Subbotsi-type sites associated with Etelköz accommodations in the region of the Dniester River. There are now 10–12 sites along the central flow of the Dnieper River. The relations with the neighbouring areas, mainly with the northern, Slavic regions, and with the Byzantine culture in Crimea are well reflected here. In addition to the chronology of the material, its nature is also explicitly consistent with the image drawn by Muslim sources of the 9th-century ancestors of the Hungarians. Further to the east, the Volga elbow in Samara and the wider area of the Southern Urals remain the ones that show the most connections regarding Hungarian ethnic genesis. As a working hypothesis, we can say that the earliest archaeological traces of the ancestors of the Hungarians can be assumed east of the Ural Mountains, in the eastern neighbourhood of the Ural region of Chelyabinsk. A group of people here presumably set off westwards in the early 9th century. In a short time, this community appeared on the left bank of the Volga, and its accommodation area extended to the border of Volga Bulgaria. After that, part of it remained along the Kama River. The other group migrated westwards before the 830s, and settled in the northern foreland of the Black Sea.

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Current Issues and Prospects of Study the Karayakupovo Culture Hillforts. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

Due to the increased interest in Magyar issues in the study of Ural-Volga antiquities, the intere... more Due to the increased interest in Magyar issues in the study of Ural-Volga antiquities, the interest of researchers in the issues of Karayakupovo-Kushnarenkovo materials has also awakened. Despite the almost half-century-long process of studying of the Karayakupovo culture sites, which began in the 60s of the XX century by G.I. Matveeva and was actively developed further in the works of V.F. Gening, N.A. Mazhitov, V.A. Ivanov, G.N. Garustovich and others, the authors can state that at the moment the Karayakupovo hillforts in general are poorly represented in the archaeological literature. The purpose of this work is to show the degree of study and introduction into scientific circulation of the materials of the Karayakupovo type hillforts and to replenish the source base with the material obtained during the latest research of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS) at the Kara-Yakupovo and Kushnarenkovo hillforts. All the pottery obtained at the Kara-Yakupovo hillfort and most of the pottery from the Kushnarenkovo hillfort belongs to the Karayakupovo type. The authors conclude that at the present stage of studying the Karayakupovo sites, a more in-depth and systematic analysis of settlement materials should be carried out and researchers should pay special attention to issues related to their topographical features of placement, the system of mutual arrangement, internal structure and ways of life support.

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Bustanaevo Burial Mound – a New Great Migration Era Monument in the North-West of Bashkortostan. Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

The article publishes preliminary results of archaeological research on mound No. 45, the Bustana... more The article publishes preliminary results of archaeological research on mound No. 45, the Bustanaevsky burial mound, located on the territory of the Buraevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The monument was discovered in 2011, archaeological research began in 2015 under the leadership of A.G. Kolonskikh. Currently, excavations of the necropolis continue in the course of joint research by the Institute of Ethnological Research named after. R.G. Kuzeev and the Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. During excavations, one single burial was discovered under the mound. Along with the poorly preserved skeleton, the burial contained archaeological material represented by two vessels, arrowheads and elements of a belt set made in the heraldic style, horse bones and iron bits. The data obtained allow us to assume that the necropolis was left by the bearers of the Kushnarenkovo archaeological culture. The preliminary dating of the burial is the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century AD.

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Blade Weapons of Altai Population in Rouran Period (by the materials of the Choburak-I complex). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya. №1 (47) 2024

The article presents the study of the collection of bladed weapons, obtained during the excavatio... more The article presents the study of the collection of bladed weapons, obtained during the excavations of the Rouran period burials on Choburak-I necropolis. This site is located in the Chemal district of the Altai Republic. The analyzed series of weapons includes three swords and six combat knives found in the burials of four adult men and one teenager. It has been established that the complex of long-bladed weapons is represented by single-edged blades without crosshairs and pommel, with a semi-segmental tip. The surviving combat knives with a triangular blade section are divided into two types, distinguished by a straight handle and a handle inclined towards the blade. The published collection demonstrates typical examples of weapons of the nomads of Central Asia of the 4th – 5th centuries AD. New excavation materials confirm the thesis that swords were a status category of weapons among the population of Altai during the Great Migration period. Burials with such items, investigated as part of the Choburak-I necropolis, differed in the representative composition of the inventory, and, judging by the available data, belonged to military leaders or especially distinguished professional soldiers.

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