ঘৰ শালিকা

ঘৰশালিকা (Common Myna)
In Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
সংৰক্ষণ স্থিতি
কম উদ্বেগজনক  (IUCN 3.1)
জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন
ৰাজ্য:	Animalia
পৰ্ব:	Chordata
শ্ৰেণী:	Aves
বৰ্গ:	Passeriformes
পৰিয়াল:	Sturnidae
গণ:	Acridotheres
প্ৰজাতি:	A. tristis
বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Subspecies
Acridotheres tristis melanosternus Acridotheres tristis naumanni Acridotheres tristis tristis Acridotheres tristis tristoides
Distribution of the Common Myna. Native distribution in blue, introduced in red.

ঘৰ শালিকা (ইংৰাজী: Common Myna, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Acridotheres tristis) 'Sturnidae' পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত এছিয়াৰ এবিধ থলুৱা চৰাই৷ এই সৰ্বভক্ষী চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতিটোৱে জনবসতি পূৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত নিজকে অভিযোজন কৰাত পাকৈত বুলি জনা যায়৷ ই ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান অধিকাৰ কৰি আহিছে৷ সংস্কৃতি আৰু প্ৰাকৃত দুয়োবিধ ভাষাৰ সাহিত্যত ঘৰ শালিকাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়৷

ঘৰ শালিকাৰ বিস্তৃতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে এনে উচ্চ হাৰত বৃদ্ধি পাইছে যে ২০০০ চনত আই.ইউ.চি. এনে ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ দ্ৰুতগতিত সংস্থাপিত হোৱা (World's most invasive species) চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি সমূহৰ এটা আৰু জৈৱ-বৈচিত্ৰতা, কৃষি আৰু জনজীৱনত প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব পৰা চৰাইসমূহৰো অন্যতম বুলি স্বীকৃতি দিছে ৷ In particular, the species poses a serious threat to the ecosystems of Australia where it was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem".

বিৱৰণ

Acridotheres tristis in Kokrebellur, India

ঘৰ শালিকাৰ সহজে চিনিব পৰা গঠনগত বৈশিষ্ট্যবোৰ হৈছে মটিয়া দেহ, মূৰৰ উপৰভাগত ক'লা অংশ আৰু চকুৰ তলত থকা নোমবিহীন হালধীয়া ৰঙ৷ ইয়াৰ ঠোঁট আৰু ঠেং উজ্জ্বল হলধীয়া হয়৷ ডেউকাৰ একেবাৰে বাহিৰৰ পাখি দুখন (Outer primaries)ত বগা আঁচ আছে৷ ঘৰ শালিকাৰ মতা আৰু মাইকী দেখিবলৈ একে হয়৷

উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ঘৰা শালিকাৰ দেহৰ ৰং দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ চৰাইসমূহতকৈ শেঁতা৷

আকাৰ

'Ali & Ripley (2001)' অনুসৰি ঘৰ শালিকাৰ দেহৰ বিভিন্ন অংশৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য এনেধৰণৰ

• দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ২৩ ছে: মি:

Parameter/লিংগ	মতা	মাইকী
গড় ওজন (গ্ৰাম)	১০৯.৮	১২০-১৩৮
ডেউকা (মিমি)	138-153	138-147
ঠোঁট (মিমি)	২৫-৩০	২৫-২৮
ঠেং (মিমি)	৩৪-৪২	৩৫-৪১
নেজ (মিমি)	৮১-৯৫	৭৯-৯৬

বিতৰণ

ঘৰ শালিকাক শেহতীয়াকৈ কেইবাটাও অঞ্চলত সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ বিস্তৃতি ষথেষ্ট বৃদ্ধি পাইছে৷

ঘৰ শালিকা এছিয়া মহাদেশৰ থলুৱা চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ইয়াক ইৰাণৰ পৰা এৰম্ভ কৰি সমগ্ৰ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ পাকিস্তান, ভাৰত, নেপাল, ভূটান, বাংলাদেশ আৰু শ্ৰীলংকা, আফাগানিস্তান, কাজাখাস্তান,উজবেকিস্তান, ম্যানমাৰৰ পৰা মালয়েছিয়া, চিংগাপুৰ, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু চীন পৰ্যন্ত দেখা পোৱা যায়৷

বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন দেশত ঘৰ-শালিকাক সংস্থাপন (introduce) কৰা হৈছে৷ উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে কানাডা, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া, ইজৰাইল, নিউজিলেণ্ড, হাৱাই, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ বিভিন্ন দ্বীপসমূহ যেনে- ম'ৰিটাছ (Mauritius), মালদ্বীপ, আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু লক্ষ্দ্বীপ আদিত ইয়াক শেহতীয়াকৈ সংস্থাপন কৰা হৈছে৷ শৰ শালিকাৰ বিস্তৃতি শেহতীয়াকৈ এনে হাৰত বৃদ্ধি পাইছে যে ২০০০ চনত আই ইউ চি এনে ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিকৰ সংস্থাপিত চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি (worst invasive species) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে৷

টেক্সন'মি

The Common Myna has two subspecies:

• Acridotheres tristis tristis (Linnaeus, 1758). Widespread, including Sri Lanka.
• A. t. melanosternus Legge, 1879. Endemic to Sri Lanka.

The subspecies melanosternus is darker than the nominate subspecies, has half-black and half-white primary coverts and has a larger yellow cheek-patch. The type locality of the nominate subspecies is Puducherry, India.

আচৰণ

মাত

Calls

Common Myna holding plastic in beak.

Turquoise blue-coloured egg of Common Myna.

The calls includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs its feathers and bobs its head in singing. The Common Myna screeches warnings to its mate or other birds in cases of predators in proximity or when its about to take off flying. Common Mynas are popular as cage birds for their singing and "speaking" abilities. Before sleeping in communal roosts, mynas vocalise in unison, which is known as "communal noise".

প্ৰজনন

Common Mynas are believed to pair for life. They breed through much of the year depending on the location, building their nest in a hole in a tree or wall. They breed from sea-level to 3000 m in the Himalayas.

The normal clutch size is 4–6 eggs. The average size of the egg is 30.8 x 21.99 mm. The incubation period is 17 to 18 days and fledging period is 22 to 24 days. The Asian Koel is sometimes brood parasitic on this species. Nesting material used by mynas include twigs, roots, tow and rubbish. Mynas have been known to use tissue paper, tin foil and sloughed off snake-skin.

During the breeding season, the daytime activity-time budget of Common Myna in Pune in April to June 1978 has been recorded to comprise the following: nesting activity (42%), scanning the environment (28%), locomotion (12%), feeding (4%), vocalisation (7%) and preening-related activities, interactions and other activities (7%).

The Common Myna uses the nests of woodpeckers, parakeets, etc. and easily takes to nest boxes; it has been recorded evicting the chicks of previously nesting pairs by holding them in the beak and later sometimes not even using the emptied nest boxes. This aggressive behaviour is considered to contribute to its success as an invasive species.

খাদ্য

Like most starlings, the Common Myna is omnivorous. It feeds on insects, arachnids, crustaceans, reptiles, small mammals, seeds, grain and fruits and discarded waste from human habitation. It forages on the ground among grass for insects, and especially for grasshoppers, from which it gets the generic name Acridotheres, "grasshopper hunter". It however feeds on a wide range of insects, mostly picked from the ground. It is a cross-pollinator of flowers such as Salmalia and Erythrina. It walks on the ground with occasional hops and is an opportunistic feeder on the insects disturbed by grazing cattle as well as fired grass fields.

জিৰণি

Juvenile begging for food from adult in West Bengal

Common Mynas roost communally throughout the year, either in pure or mixed flocks with Jungle Mynas, Rosy Starlings, House Crows, Jungle Crows, Cattle Egrets and Rose-ringed Parakeets and other birds. The roost population can range from less than one hundred to thousands. The time of arrival of Mynas at the roost starts before and ends just after sunset. The mynas depart before sunrise. The time and timespan of arrival and departure, time taken for final settlement at the roost, duration of communal sleep, flock size and population vary seasonally.

The function of communal roosting is to synchronise various social activities, avoid predators, exchange information about food sources.

Communal displays (pre-roosting and post-roosting) comprise of aerial maneuvers which are exhibited in the pre-breeding season (November to March). It is assumed that this behaviour is related to pair formation.

বাসস্থান

This abundant passerine is typically found in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation. Although this is an adaptable species, its population has been decreasing significantly in Singapore and Malaysia (where it is locally called as gembala kerbau, literally 'buffalo shepherd') due to competition with its cousin, the introduced Javan Myna.

সংস্থাপন (Invasion)

The IUCN declared this myna as one of the only three birds among the world's 100 worst invasive species. (Other two invasive birds being Red-vented bulbul and European Starling) It has been introduced widely elsewhere, including adjacent areas in Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the Middle East, South Africa, Israel, North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and various oceanic islands, including a very prominent population in Hawaii.

The Common Myna is a pest in South Africa, North America, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand and many Pacific islands. It is particularly problematic in Australia. Several methods have been tried to control the bird's numbers and protect native species.

অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া

In Sydney, Australia

In Australia, the Common Myna is an invasive pest. They are now often the predominant bird in urban areas all along the East coast. In a 2008 popular vote, the bird was named "The Most Important Pest/Problem" in Australia, also earning the nickname "flying rats" due to their scavenging resembling that of rats.

The Common Myna was first introduced to Australia in Victoria between 1863 and 1872 into Melbourne’s market gardens to control insects. The bird is likely to have spread to New South Wales (where it is currently most populous) at around the same time, but documentation is uncertain. The bird was later introduced to Queensland as a predator of grasshoppers and cane beetles; the reasons for its original introduction to Victoria is however, lost in history. Currently, Common Myna populations in Australia are concentrated along the eastern coast around Sydney and its surrounding suburbs, with sparser populations in Victoria and a few isolated communities in Queensland. During 2009 several municipal councils in New South Wales began trials of catching Myna birds in an effort to reduce numbers.

The bird can live and breed in a wide range of temperatures, though it thrives in hotter regions. Self-sustaining populations of Common Myna have been found in regions of mean warmest month temperature no less than 23.2°C and mean coldest month temperature no less than -0.4°C, implying that the Common Myna could potentially spread from Sydney northward along the eastern coast to Cairns and westward along the southern coast to Adelaide (though not to Tasmania, Darwin, or across the Great Dividing Range to the arid interior regions).

দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা

In South Africa where it escaped into the wild in 1902, it has become very common and its distribution is greater where human populations are greater or where there is more human disturbance. The bird is also notorious for being a pest, kicking other birds out of their nests and killing their young due to the Myna's strong territorial instinct. In South Africa it is considered somewhat of a major pest and disturbance of the natural habitat; as a result, they are frequently shot and killed by people in urban environments and farmers alike. Bylaws in South Africa pertaining to the protection of most animal species specifically exclude mynas from this protection. ^{[উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন]}

Morphological studies show that the process of spatial sorting is at work on the range expansion of A. tristis in South Africa. Dispersal-relevant traits are significantly correlated with distance from the range core, with strong sexual dimorphism, indicative of sex-biased dispersal. Morphological variations are significant in wing and head traits of females, suggesting females as the primary dispersing sex. In contrast, traits not related to dispersal such as those associated with foraging show no signs of spatial sorting but are significantly affected by environmental variables such as vegetation and intensity of urbanisation.

পৰিস্থিতি তন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানুহৰ ওপৰত প্ৰভাৱ

স্থানীয় চৰাইৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি

Immature at nest, West Bengal

The Common Myna is a hollow-nesting species; that is, it nests and breeds in protected hollows found either naturally in trees or artificially on buildings (for example, recessed windowsills or low eaves). Compared to native hollow-nesting species, the Common Myna is extremely aggressive, and breeding males will actively defend areas ranging up to 0.83 hectares in size (though males in densely populated urban settings tend to only defend the area immediately surrounding their nests).

This aggressiveness has enabled the Common Myna to displace many breeding pairs of native hollow-nesters, thereby reducing their reproductive success. In particular, the reproduction rates of native hollow-nesting parrots in the bush land of eastern Australia have been reduced by up to 80% by the Common Myna (which was even able to out-compete another aggressive introduced species in the area, the European Starling).

The Common Myna is also known to maintain up to two roosts simultaneously; a temporary summer roost close to a breeding site (where the entire local male community sleeps during the summer, the period of highest aggression), and a permanent all-year roost where the female broods and incubates overnight. Both male and female Common Mynas will fiercely protect both roosts at all times, leading to further exclusion of native birds.

খেতিত ভাবুকি

The yellow peri-orbital skin of the Common Myna gives it a Sanskrit name peetanetra.

The Common Myna (which feeds mostly on ground-dwelling insects, tropical fruits such as grapes, plums and some berries and, in urban areas, discarded human food) poses a serious threat to Australian blueberry crops, though its main threat is to native bird species.

In Hawaii, where the Common Myna was introduced to control pest armyworms and cutworms in sugarcane crops, the bird has helped to spread the robust Lantana camara weed across the islands’ open grasslands. It also has been recorded as the fourth-ranking avian pest in the fruit industry by a 2004 survey of the Hawaiian Farm Bureau and the sixth in number of complaints of avian pests overall.

সংস্কৃতিত

The Common Myna widely appears under the name saarika in Indian culture from Vedic times, featuring both in classical Indian literature (Sanskrit) as well as in Prakrit Buddhist texts. The Sankrit term shuksarika, which refers to the Rose-ringed Parakeet (shuk) and the Common Myna (saarika), is used to indicate a pair or a couple, probably because both birds are vocal and capable of mimicking human sound.

In Sanskrit literature, the Common Myna has a number of names, most are descriptive of the appearance or behaviour of the bird. In addition to saarika, the names for the Common Myna include kalahapriya, which means "one who is fond of arguments" referring to the quarrelsome nature of this bird; chitranetra, meaning "picturesque eyes"; peetanetra (one with yellow eyes) and peetapaad (one with yellow legs).

চিত্ৰ:Baby Mynah.jpg

Baby of the Common Mynah

লগতে চাওক

• Feare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1999). Starlings and Mynas. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-3961-X. 
• Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6
• Pell, A.S. & Tidemann, C.R. (1997) "The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in eastern Australia", Biological Conservation, 79, 145-153. A study showing native birds being excluded from up to 80% of nesting sites in Canberra, Australia.

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

• Common Myna videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
• (Indian Myna =) Common Myna - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
• Indian Myna Control Handbook
• "Acridotheres tristis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=554025। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 February 2009. 
• Common Myna video on Wild Sri Lanka
• ANU Indian Common Myna page about Mynas as an invasive species in Australia and what can be done to control them

as:শালিকা