Persa antic
El persa antic és un dels dos idiomes iranians dels quals es té un testimoni directe, essent l'altre l'idioma l'avèstic. El persa antic és un idioma preislàmic. Les inscripcions més antigues en persa antic són les fetes en tauleta d'argila i en segells durant el període de l'Imperi Aquemènida (cap al 600 aC fins al 300 aC). Exemples del persa antic s'han trobat en les actuals Iran, Bahrain, l'Iraq, Turquia i Egipte[1] el testimoni més important és el de la inscripció de Behistun (datada del 525 aC). Recentment s'han trobat moltes tauletes en persa antic a Persèpolis que mostren que s'utilitzava en la vida comuna i no només en l'Administració.[2]
| Tipus | llengua i llengua històrica  |
|---|---|
| Ús | |
| Autòcton de | Província de Fars |
| Estat | Imperi Aquemènida i Iran |
| Classificació lingüística | |
| llengua humana llengües indoeuropees llengües indoiranianes llengües iràniques llengües iràniques occidentals llengües iràniques sud-occidentals | |
| Característiques | |
| Sistema d'escriptura | cuneïforme persa |
| Estudiat per | estudis iranians |
| Codis | |
| ISO 639-2 | peo |
| ISO 639-3 | peo |
| Glottolog | oldp1254 |
| IETF | peo |
L'idioma Lari del comtat de Larestan està relacionat amb el persa antic.[3]
El persa antic pertany als idiomes indoeuropeus i dins d'ells a la branca indo-iraniana. El persa antic és un dels idiomes indoeuropeus més antics testimoniats en textos originals.[4]
El persa antic va evolucionar al llarg del temps i el persa mitjà, de vegades anomenat Pahlavi, és un continuador directe del persa antic.[5][6] El persa modern, al seu torn, és continuador del persa antic.[7]
Els textos en persa antic s'escrivien d'esquerra a dreta en escriptura cuneïforme sil·làbica i tenien 36 caràcters fonètics i 8 logogrames.
Fonologia
modificaVocals
- Llargues: /aː/ /iː/ /uː/
- Curtes: /a/ /i/ /u/
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glotal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implosives | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||
| Nasals | m | n | ||||||||
| Fricatives | f | θ | ç | x | h | |||||
| Sibilants | s | z | ʃ | |||||||
| Ròtica | r | |||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||
| Aproximant | ʋ | j | ||||||||
Gramàtica
modificaEl persa antic es declinava i tenia els casos nominatiu, vocatiu, acusatiu, [[Cas instrumental |instrumental]], datiu, genitiu i locatiu.
Lèxic
modifica| Proto-Indo-Iranià | Persa antic | Persa mitjà | Persa modern | significat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *asuras mazdhās | Ahura mazda | Ohrmazd | Ormazd اورمزد | Ahura Mazda |
| *aśwas | aspa | asp | asb اسب | cavall |
| *kāma | kāma | kām | kām کام | benefici |
| *daiwas | daiva | dēw | div دیو | diable |
| drayah | drayā | daryā دریا | mar | |
| *źhasta- | dasta | dastag | dast دست | mà |
| *bhāgī | bāji | bāj | bāj باج/باژ | |
| *bhrātr- | brātar | brâdar | barādar برادر | germà |
| *bhūmiš | būmi | būm | būm بوم | regió, terra |
| *martya | martya | mard | mard مرد | home |
| *māsa | māha | māh | māh ماه | lluna, mes |
| *vāsara | vāhara | vahār | bahār بهار | font |
| stūnā | stūn | sotūn ستون | columna | |
| šiyāta | šād | šād شاد | feliç | |
| *ṛtam | arta | ard | ord اُرد | ordre |
| *drauźh- | druj | drugh | dorōgh دروغ | mentida |
Notes
modifica- ↑ Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953
- ↑ "Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought " accessed September 2010 from [1]
- ↑ The History of Ancient Iran, Part 3, Volume 7, p. 27.
- ↑ (Skjærvø 2006, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.)
- ↑ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
- ↑ Bo Utas, "Semitic on Iranian", in "Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic" editors (Éva Ágnes Csató, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani),Routledge, 2005. pg 71: "As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of Sassanian chanceries had any idea about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old Persian
- ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts. 13, 2006.
Bibliografia
modifica- Brandenstein, Wilhelm. Handbuch des Altpersischen. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1964.
- Hinz, Walther. Altpersischer Wortschatz. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus, 1966.
- Kent, Roland G. Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1953.
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas. «Iranian languages». A: Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1996.: 238-245
- Schmitt, Rüdiger. «Altpersisch». A: R. Schmitt. Compendium linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1989.: 56–85
- Schmitt, R. «Old Persian». A: Roger D. Woodard. The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. illustrated. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 76–100. ISBN 0521684943.
- Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 13, 2006. «Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts»
- Tolman, Herbert Cushing. Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination. Nova York/Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1908.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language. Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American book company, 1917, p. 251.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language. Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American book company, 1917, p. 251.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. Grammar of the Old Persian language: with the inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings and vocabulary. Ginn, 1892, p. 55.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions. American book company, 1893, p. 186.
- Edwin Lee Johnson. Herbert Cushing Tolman. Cuneiform supplement (autographed) to the author's Ancient Persian lexicon and texts: with brief historical synopsis of the language. Volume 7 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Co., 1910, p. 122.
- translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ... Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Company, 1908, p. 134.
- Herbert Cushing Tolman. Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ... Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series. American Book Company, 1908, p. 134.
- Darius I (King of Persia). Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock. Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies ATLA monograph preservation program Volume 3384 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. reprint. Vanderbilt University, 1908, p. 39.
- Darius I (King of Persia). Herbert Cushing Tolman. The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock. Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies. Vanderbilt university, 1908, p. 39.
- Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. An Introduction to Old Persian. 2a edició. Cambridge: Harvard, 2005.
- Peterson, Joseph H. Old Persian Texts. Herndon, VA: avesta.org, 2006.
- Harvey, Scott L. Old Iranian Online.
- Windfuhr, Gernot L. «Cases in Iranian languages and dialects». A: Encyclopedia Iranica. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1995, p. 25–37.
- Stolper, Matthew W. & Jan Tavernier. «From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification». A: Arta. 2007:1. París: Achemenet.com, 1995.
- Schmitt, R. «Old Persian». A: Roger D. Woodard. The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. illustrated. Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 76–100. ISBN 0521684943.
- Asatrian, Garnik. Etymological Dictionary of Persian. Brill Academic Publishers, Expected November 2010. ISBN 978-90-04-18341-4.
A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Persa antic