One hundred years ago, in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, Ch... more One hundred years ago, in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, Charles Beard asked of the Framers: Did they represent distinct groups whose economic interests they understood and felt in concrete, definite form through their own personal experience with identical property rights, or were they working merely under the guidance of abstract principles of political science? 1 Beard examined the Framers' investments in, among other things, public securities, western lands, shipping and manufactures, 2 but he did not consider in any detail the possible influence of their personal experience as members of the distinct group of males who had an economic interest, through the laws of coverture, in the labor and property of the women in their families. 3 Yet the Framers of both the original Constitution and
, and participants in a Berlin discussion, for their willingness to engage, assist, and encourage... more , and participants in a Berlin discussion, for their willingness to engage, assist, and encourage me in pursuing this topic despite what is for many of them profound disagreement with, indeed aversion to, my approach; and to Eric Moran for scheduling accommodation. Because care responsibilities of my own precluded my circulating a draft of this Commentary widely in advance of publication, responsibility for any errors is even more than usually exclusively my own. Support for this project came from the Arnold and Frieda
For the better part of a decade, a number of well-intentioned scholars of religious liberty have ... more For the better part of a decade, a number of well-intentioned scholars of religious liberty have insisted that, as Douglas Laycock put it, "conflicts. .. between religious conservatives and the gay rights movement[] have live-and-let-live solutions in the tradition of American liberty." 1 More recently, some have tried to concretize this general claim in *. Arnold I.
Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit t... more Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit the scope of one of his own decisions in an earlier Confrontation Clause case "a gross distortion of the facts [and] the law," "utter nonsense," and "unprincipled"). Given that his opinions became ever more vitriolic from year to year, he might have done well to heed the warning of Judge Fitzmaurice of the European Court of Human Rights against "debasing the currency of normal speech, because there is then no way left to differentiate or distinguish, or to describe instances of truly" outrageous behavior. Ireland v. UK, Judgment of 18 January 1978 (Series A: v. 25)(separate opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice).
Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2017
Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit t... more Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit the scope of one of his own decisions in an earlier Confrontation Clause case "a gross distortion of the facts [and] the law," "utter nonsense," and "unprincipled"). Given that his opinions became ever more vitriolic from year to year, he might have done well to heed the warning of Judge Fitzmaurice of the European Court of Human Rights against "debasing the currency of normal speech, because there is then no way left to differentiate or distinguish, or to describe instances of truly" outrageous behavior. Ireland v. UK, Judgment of 18 January 1978 (Series A: v. 25)(separate opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice).
Pregnant Man?: A Conversation purposes. Additional professional services may be required to foste... more Pregnant Man?: A Conversation purposes. Additional professional services may be required to foster the relationships among the parties. Or one may hire an agency that, to some extent, homogenizes the process, managing the individuals involved. Either way, with surrogacy, the process leading up to the pregnancy can be a plodding one. After several recommendations and a meeting at an LGBT Community Center forum on gay biological parenting, we chose to work with an agency, Circle Surrogacy, based in Boston ("Circle"). Although some fear surrogacy means exploitation of the surrogate, initially a relative volunteered to carry the baby, so we felt that it was not an issue. Friends and colleagues warned us about this kind of arrangement, but we engaged in an extensive conversation to ensure everyone's comfort at the start. Then, after that route began to appear much more complicated, we put ourselves in the queue for an agency-provided surrogate. When we were on the waiting list, we met a couple that lived in the Middle East with a doctor in Cyprus coordinating the egg donor from Romania and the carrier in India. At first blush, as an International Business Transactions teacher, globalization's ingenuity struck me. I then feared how such great national, cultural, and legal distances raised the exploitation risk factor. Were we patronizing a baby factory? How would one know the surrogate had really chosen to do this? When we first met with our surrogate, Beth, she shared with us her own path. She has a well-paid job and a life full of responsibilities met, including two amazing sons. She told us that a family member wanted to have a child but couldn't, and she was going to carry the baby instead. After that person changed her mind, Beth still wanted to help another family's development. Is money Beth's primary motivation, as some colleagues insist? I don't think so. Beth has enthused over every detail and shared every turn with us gleefully, snapping photos of herself in the bathroom during the day so we can see how pregnant she is, or sending us little videos of kicks viewed from the outside. She seems to enjoy identifying herself as a surrogate-when she first began showing a stranger remarked, "Oh you're pregnant, congratulations!" and Beth answered, "Thank you, but it's not mine," confounding the commentator. She was as thrilled to help us as we were to have her carry our baby. There is a contract, and money is exchanged, but this is a labor of love. B. Egg Shopping The creepy online shopping feel of our egg provider search was challenging. It felt strange at first, but we stuck with it-we conversed about our criteria, and then reviewed photos and stats of various providers. Our 7. Thanks to Kim Mutcherson for this term-I had been using "egg donor" without contemplating the presumption in the term that the eggs had been "donated," when in fact they were sold. 2010] 19. KNOCKED UP (Universal Pictures 2007). 20. My goal is not, I should note, to support arguments such as those by Judge Smith of the New York Court of Appeals who, in Hernandez v. Robles, argued that because heterosexual families were more likely to be formed by accident, they were more fragile and therefore more in need of the support of the institution of marriage. 855 N.E.2d 1, 7 (N.Y. 2006). 21. For further discussion of the relationships between these components, see Noa Ben-Asher, The
The central question to be explored in this essay is whether and when commingling commodification... more The central question to be explored in this essay is whether and when commingling commodification with affection can be more problematic than naked commodification. The notion that it is problematic to allow commodification to leach into certain realms thought of as properly the domain of affection, the notion that such realms simply should not be commodified, is a familiar one, central to policy debates on matters such as the legalization of prostitution, premarital agreements, and organ donation. The concern here is with the possibility and danger of leaching in the opposite direction, with what happens when affection is commingled with a transaction whose commodification is taken as a given. The title is taken from the scene in the Michael Moore film Roger and Me depicting the marketing of rabbits. Moore spots a crudely hand-lettered sign offering, "Rabbits or Bunnies, Pets or Meat for Sale." The female entrepreneur who posted this sign takes Moore around back to cages ...
SECOND SESSION: GENDER AND RELIGION MARIE FAILINGER Interim Dean and Professor of Law Hamline Uni... more SECOND SESSION: GENDER AND RELIGION MARIE FAILINGER Interim Dean and Professor of Law Hamline University School of Law Women and the Free Exercise Clause: Some Thoughts about a Feminist Reading The Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause to the United States Constitution has been the continuous subject of trenchant criticism. While women plaintiffs in the Free Exercise cases that have come before the Supreme Court have been largely invisible, a review of the few cases involving women plaintiffs suggests that they may share values with modern feminist theory. Similarly, although there is no definitive “women’s voice” among the female justices, feminist themes such as inclusivity, contextuality, practical reason and relationality consistently arise in their religious freedom opinions. This paper reviews some of the Court’s religious freedom opinions, asking how a religious feminist approach to the Free Exercise Clause, which embraces values such as gratitude, humili...
concertée (ARC) Révolution sexuelle et (dé)pilarisation de 1960 à 2000 : Une spécificité belge ? ... more concertée (ARC) Révolution sexuelle et (dé)pilarisation de 1960 à 2000 : Une spécificité belge ? Contribution à une histoire des normes de genre et de sexualité de l'Université libre de Bruxelles est un projet résolument interdisciplinaire, puisqu'il rassemble quatre centres de recherche correspondant à trois disciplines : les sciences des religions avec le CIERL (Centre interdisciplinaire d'étude des religions et de la laïcité), la criminologie avec le CRC (Centre de recherches criminologiques), la sociologie avec METICES (Migrations, espaces, travail, institutions, citoyenneté, épistémologie, santé) et les recherches sur le genre et la sexualité avec l'AGS (Atelier genre(s) et sexualité(s)). L'objet général de l'ARC est d'interroger la manière dont le monde catholique belge a réagi à ce que l'on appelle communément la révolution sexuelle. Les recherches s'articulent donc autour des débats, dans le monde catholique, sur des problématiques comme les recompositions familiales, la mixité, la contraception et l'avortement, le SIDA ou encore l'homosexualité, soit des questions qui abordent la transformation des normes de genre et de sexualité depuis 1960. De la sorte, le projet entend examiner sous un jour nouveau l'histoire de la sexualité depuis 1960, en essayant de déterminer s'il y eut ou non révolution dans les pratiques, les représentations et les mobilisations individuelles et collectives. Il s'agit d'identifier et d'étudier les effets des modifications familiales et sexuelles sur la configuration générale de la société. En Belgique, cette dernière est organisée depuis la fin du xix e siècle en « piliers » qui représentent des mondes séparés encadrant les individus du berceau à la tombe. Ce système implique, outre l'« encadrement des âmes », des institutions dans des domaines tels que l'enseignement, la protection de la jeunesse, la santé, la famille ou le travail. La famille, un concept polymorphe, même et surtout pour l'Église Ce retour historique sur la construction et l'évolution de l'allégorie de la Sainte Famille est utile en ce qu'il montre le caractère mouvant des relations entre l'Église et la famille, et surtout les représentations que cette dernière tente de construire et d'imposer. Les historiens ont parfois minoré cet aspect dans les grandes monographies sur l'histoire de la famille et du mariage. Ces travaux ont mis l'accent sur les normes et l'enseignement imposés par l'Église pour asseoir ses positions doctrinales et théologiques 2. Dans sa célèbre histoire de L'évolution de la famille et du mariage en Europe, Jack Goody montre que, pendant le haut Moyen Âge, cette politique répondait, outre à un projet religieux, à des stratégies économiques visant à récupérer les différents héritages laissés en déshérence par les interdits qu'elle était parvenue à faire peser sur les droits de succession (le remariage des veuves et l'adoption) 3. Goody était anthropologue et son approche se ressent de l'ancrage de la discipline de l'époque dans les questions de filiation et de parenté. Dans cette perspective, l'Église est souvent perçue comme un appareil législatif monolithique. La famille, un concept théologique polymorphe Si les velléités législatives traversent toute l'histoire de l'institution et demeurent aujourd'hui un point nodal de son fonctionnement, son caractère monolithique est, dès l'origine, au mieux, un projet. Comme l'écrit Véronique Beaulande-Barraud, « [l]'Église médiévale est (…) le creuset de la famille catholique contemporaine. Mais cette construction-car c'en est bien une-n'a rien de linéaire ni d'univoque, ni dans l'établissement progressif d'une norme défendue par le magistère, au prix de la contrainte judiciaire éventuellement, ni dans l'appropriation de cette norme par les hommes et les femmes de la fin du Moyen Âge ». Le phénomène connaît un continuum dans l'espace et le temps très bien décrit par l'historien Claude Langlois. L'Église, écrit-il, est le théâtre de tensions durables entre « choix individuel et normes éthiques ; décision individuelle et visée géopolitique ; sexualité des couples et pratique sexuelle des clercs ; perspective pastorale ou rigidité doctrinale » 4. L'Église catholique, comme il le montre, joue sur les deux registres du normatif, en théorie intemporel, et de la tradition, qui implique une évolution « [que l'historien] a, lui-même, à apprécier dans sa traque de la réalité du terrain. Parce que aussi (…), la légitimation a oscillé, en régime catholique, entre une référence au texte singulier (la Révélation) et la mise en avant d'une norme universelle (la loi naturelle) » 5 .
for comments, brainstorming and bibliographic assistance; and to Franchesca Alamo and Amy Tang fo... more for comments, brainstorming and bibliographic assistance; and to Franchesca Alamo and Amy Tang for outstanding technical help and research assistance. this sign you shall conquer," and as a result adopted the cross and Chi-Rho Christogram as the battle standard for his legions. 20 At the time he did this, Constantine was not yet a Christian, but, having indeed conquered, he, in the course of his reign, first ended persecution of Christians, then offered financial support to Christian churches, intervened in theological and administrative disputes in the Christian Church, and, before his death in the year 337, had converted to Christianity and begun the destruction of temples dedicated to other gods. 21 As I shall discuss, Roger Williams described these apparently benevolent actions of Constantine as disastrous for Christ's church, more harmful even than the persecutions of Nero. 22 Given the use of the cross in military history beginning with Constantine, there is much to be said for the proposition that, unlike even the crosses on the graves of individual fallen soldiers in the World War I battlefields of Europe, the monumental Bladensburg Cross stands not so much as a symbol of Christ's sacrifice and the promise of resurrection giving victory over death to the Christian faithful, but indeed as a memorial to the soldiers' sacrifice of their own lives in aid of victory in a secular fight for what the inscription at the base of the Bladensburg monument calls "the liberty of the world." 23 In this particular fight, World War I, most of the combatant nations on both sides were majority Christian, 24 some with established national Christian churches, and, as I shall discuss, most used the form of a cross on military decorations bestowed on particularly valiant combatants, even though Christianity itself was nothing like a casus belli for either side. 25 Like Constantine in 312, and unlike, for example, 20. For a fuller discussion of this and the other acts of Constantine mentioned in this paragraph, see discussion infra Part III. 21. See, e.g., EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, THE LIFE OF THE BLESSED EMPEROR CONSTANTINE: BOOK III, reprinted in 1 THE GREEK ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORIANS OF THE FIRST SIX CENTURIES OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA 113, 136-42 (London, Samuel Bagster & Sons, n.d.). See also discussion infra Part III. 22. See infra footnotes 120-25 and accompanying text. 23. Am. Legion v. Am. Humanist Ass'n, 139 S. Ct. 2067, 2077 (2019) (providing some of the monument's background and quoting its inscription). 24. The major exceptions were Japan and the majority-Muslim Ottoman Empire. 25. See infra Part VI.
This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of comp... more This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of complementarity, arguing that the doctrine of complementarity, under which the sexes are essentially different though not unequal, is an invention of the twentieth century untraceable in earlier centuries, but developed by, among others, the Popes from Pius XII through Benedict XVI, in part as a response to feminist claims, including those recently anathematized by the Vatican under the term ‘gender.’ After exploring some difficulties with the application of the doctrine of complementarity as Catholic orthodoxy, the article concludes by compiling preliminary evidence as to the extent Pope Francis will continue his predecessors’ approach to complementarity.
He has published widely on theological issues, including in-depth discussions of the work of Sain... more He has published widely on theological issues, including in-depth discussions of the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Pope Benedict XVI. In 2015, Mgr Charamsa made global headlines after he came out, together with his partner Eduard Planas, on the eve of the second Synod on the Family. He lost his job and was almost immediately suspended from priesthood. Since then, he has been an outspoken critic of Catholic conservatism on issues related to women's and LGBTIQ rights, and has advocated for the need of the Church to amend its teachings. He recently published his recollections of his life at the Vatican (La Prima Pietra. Milan: Rizzoli, 2016) and keeps a website (www. kcharamsa.com) to share his activities.
Civil Rights Litigation and Attorney Fees Annual Handbook, 2001
In his lone dissent from the Supreme Court's decision holding the Virginia Military Institute's e... more In his lone dissent from the Supreme Court's decision holding the Virginia Military Institute's exclusion of women unconstitutional, Justice Scalia worked up to yet another fever pitch of outrage at what he perceived as the majority's unprincipled departure from established doctrine. According to an indignant Justice Scalia: [T]he Court proceeds to interpret "exceedingly persuasive justification" in a fashion that contradicts the reasoning of. .. other precedents. t J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 138 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 410 (1991)). "-For reasons set forth more fully in Mary Anne C. Case, Disaggregating Genderfrom Sex and Sexual Orientation: The Effeminate Man in the Law and FeministJurisprudene, 105 YALE L. 1, 2-4, 9-13 (1995), I shall throughout this article use the term "sex discrimination" to refer to discrimination between males and females and reserve the term "gender discrimination" to refer to discrimination on the basis of qualities coded as masculine or feminine, whether the person exhibiting those qualities is male or female. For reasons set forth more fully below, I shall generally use the term "discrimination" in its technical sense of "making a distinction." Thus, not all sex discrimination in the law (i.e., not all distinctions made in the law on the basis of sex) will necessarily be unconstitutional. Nor will every denial of equal protection to persons on account of their sex necessarily result from sex discrimination. As I shall further explain, because the Supreme Court's inquiries into the denial of equal protection on grounds of sex have focused quite narrowly on deprivations caused by rules that, on their face, distinguish between males and females (i.e., sexrespecting rules), it is no accident that I refer to the law of sex discrimination, rather than say, of sex equality.
One hundred years ago, in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, Ch... more One hundred years ago, in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, Charles Beard asked of the Framers: Did they represent distinct groups whose economic interests they understood and felt in concrete, definite form through their own personal experience with identical property rights, or were they working merely under the guidance of abstract principles of political science? 1 Beard examined the Framers' investments in, among other things, public securities, western lands, shipping and manufactures, 2 but he did not consider in any detail the possible influence of their personal experience as members of the distinct group of males who had an economic interest, through the laws of coverture, in the labor and property of the women in their families. 3 Yet the Framers of both the original Constitution and
, and participants in a Berlin discussion, for their willingness to engage, assist, and encourage... more , and participants in a Berlin discussion, for their willingness to engage, assist, and encourage me in pursuing this topic despite what is for many of them profound disagreement with, indeed aversion to, my approach; and to Eric Moran for scheduling accommodation. Because care responsibilities of my own precluded my circulating a draft of this Commentary widely in advance of publication, responsibility for any errors is even more than usually exclusively my own. Support for this project came from the Arnold and Frieda
For the better part of a decade, a number of well-intentioned scholars of religious liberty have ... more For the better part of a decade, a number of well-intentioned scholars of religious liberty have insisted that, as Douglas Laycock put it, "conflicts. .. between religious conservatives and the gay rights movement[] have live-and-let-live solutions in the tradition of American liberty." 1 More recently, some have tried to concretize this general claim in *. Arnold I.
Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit t... more Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit the scope of one of his own decisions in an earlier Confrontation Clause case "a gross distortion of the facts [and] the law," "utter nonsense," and "unprincipled"). Given that his opinions became ever more vitriolic from year to year, he might have done well to heed the warning of Judge Fitzmaurice of the European Court of Human Rights against "debasing the currency of normal speech, because there is then no way left to differentiate or distinguish, or to describe instances of truly" outrageous behavior. Ireland v. UK, Judgment of 18 January 1978 (Series A: v. 25)(separate opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice).
Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart, 2017
Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit t... more Scalia, dissenting)(calling an opinion by Justice Sotomayor using factual distinctions to limit the scope of one of his own decisions in an earlier Confrontation Clause case "a gross distortion of the facts [and] the law," "utter nonsense," and "unprincipled"). Given that his opinions became ever more vitriolic from year to year, he might have done well to heed the warning of Judge Fitzmaurice of the European Court of Human Rights against "debasing the currency of normal speech, because there is then no way left to differentiate or distinguish, or to describe instances of truly" outrageous behavior. Ireland v. UK, Judgment of 18 January 1978 (Series A: v. 25)(separate opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice).
Pregnant Man?: A Conversation purposes. Additional professional services may be required to foste... more Pregnant Man?: A Conversation purposes. Additional professional services may be required to foster the relationships among the parties. Or one may hire an agency that, to some extent, homogenizes the process, managing the individuals involved. Either way, with surrogacy, the process leading up to the pregnancy can be a plodding one. After several recommendations and a meeting at an LGBT Community Center forum on gay biological parenting, we chose to work with an agency, Circle Surrogacy, based in Boston ("Circle"). Although some fear surrogacy means exploitation of the surrogate, initially a relative volunteered to carry the baby, so we felt that it was not an issue. Friends and colleagues warned us about this kind of arrangement, but we engaged in an extensive conversation to ensure everyone's comfort at the start. Then, after that route began to appear much more complicated, we put ourselves in the queue for an agency-provided surrogate. When we were on the waiting list, we met a couple that lived in the Middle East with a doctor in Cyprus coordinating the egg donor from Romania and the carrier in India. At first blush, as an International Business Transactions teacher, globalization's ingenuity struck me. I then feared how such great national, cultural, and legal distances raised the exploitation risk factor. Were we patronizing a baby factory? How would one know the surrogate had really chosen to do this? When we first met with our surrogate, Beth, she shared with us her own path. She has a well-paid job and a life full of responsibilities met, including two amazing sons. She told us that a family member wanted to have a child but couldn't, and she was going to carry the baby instead. After that person changed her mind, Beth still wanted to help another family's development. Is money Beth's primary motivation, as some colleagues insist? I don't think so. Beth has enthused over every detail and shared every turn with us gleefully, snapping photos of herself in the bathroom during the day so we can see how pregnant she is, or sending us little videos of kicks viewed from the outside. She seems to enjoy identifying herself as a surrogate-when she first began showing a stranger remarked, "Oh you're pregnant, congratulations!" and Beth answered, "Thank you, but it's not mine," confounding the commentator. She was as thrilled to help us as we were to have her carry our baby. There is a contract, and money is exchanged, but this is a labor of love. B. Egg Shopping The creepy online shopping feel of our egg provider search was challenging. It felt strange at first, but we stuck with it-we conversed about our criteria, and then reviewed photos and stats of various providers. Our 7. Thanks to Kim Mutcherson for this term-I had been using "egg donor" without contemplating the presumption in the term that the eggs had been "donated," when in fact they were sold. 2010] 19. KNOCKED UP (Universal Pictures 2007). 20. My goal is not, I should note, to support arguments such as those by Judge Smith of the New York Court of Appeals who, in Hernandez v. Robles, argued that because heterosexual families were more likely to be formed by accident, they were more fragile and therefore more in need of the support of the institution of marriage. 855 N.E.2d 1, 7 (N.Y. 2006). 21. For further discussion of the relationships between these components, see Noa Ben-Asher, The
The central question to be explored in this essay is whether and when commingling commodification... more The central question to be explored in this essay is whether and when commingling commodification with affection can be more problematic than naked commodification. The notion that it is problematic to allow commodification to leach into certain realms thought of as properly the domain of affection, the notion that such realms simply should not be commodified, is a familiar one, central to policy debates on matters such as the legalization of prostitution, premarital agreements, and organ donation. The concern here is with the possibility and danger of leaching in the opposite direction, with what happens when affection is commingled with a transaction whose commodification is taken as a given. The title is taken from the scene in the Michael Moore film Roger and Me depicting the marketing of rabbits. Moore spots a crudely hand-lettered sign offering, "Rabbits or Bunnies, Pets or Meat for Sale." The female entrepreneur who posted this sign takes Moore around back to cages ...
SECOND SESSION: GENDER AND RELIGION MARIE FAILINGER Interim Dean and Professor of Law Hamline Uni... more SECOND SESSION: GENDER AND RELIGION MARIE FAILINGER Interim Dean and Professor of Law Hamline University School of Law Women and the Free Exercise Clause: Some Thoughts about a Feminist Reading The Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause to the United States Constitution has been the continuous subject of trenchant criticism. While women plaintiffs in the Free Exercise cases that have come before the Supreme Court have been largely invisible, a review of the few cases involving women plaintiffs suggests that they may share values with modern feminist theory. Similarly, although there is no definitive “women’s voice” among the female justices, feminist themes such as inclusivity, contextuality, practical reason and relationality consistently arise in their religious freedom opinions. This paper reviews some of the Court’s religious freedom opinions, asking how a religious feminist approach to the Free Exercise Clause, which embraces values such as gratitude, humili...
concertée (ARC) Révolution sexuelle et (dé)pilarisation de 1960 à 2000 : Une spécificité belge ? ... more concertée (ARC) Révolution sexuelle et (dé)pilarisation de 1960 à 2000 : Une spécificité belge ? Contribution à une histoire des normes de genre et de sexualité de l'Université libre de Bruxelles est un projet résolument interdisciplinaire, puisqu'il rassemble quatre centres de recherche correspondant à trois disciplines : les sciences des religions avec le CIERL (Centre interdisciplinaire d'étude des religions et de la laïcité), la criminologie avec le CRC (Centre de recherches criminologiques), la sociologie avec METICES (Migrations, espaces, travail, institutions, citoyenneté, épistémologie, santé) et les recherches sur le genre et la sexualité avec l'AGS (Atelier genre(s) et sexualité(s)). L'objet général de l'ARC est d'interroger la manière dont le monde catholique belge a réagi à ce que l'on appelle communément la révolution sexuelle. Les recherches s'articulent donc autour des débats, dans le monde catholique, sur des problématiques comme les recompositions familiales, la mixité, la contraception et l'avortement, le SIDA ou encore l'homosexualité, soit des questions qui abordent la transformation des normes de genre et de sexualité depuis 1960. De la sorte, le projet entend examiner sous un jour nouveau l'histoire de la sexualité depuis 1960, en essayant de déterminer s'il y eut ou non révolution dans les pratiques, les représentations et les mobilisations individuelles et collectives. Il s'agit d'identifier et d'étudier les effets des modifications familiales et sexuelles sur la configuration générale de la société. En Belgique, cette dernière est organisée depuis la fin du xix e siècle en « piliers » qui représentent des mondes séparés encadrant les individus du berceau à la tombe. Ce système implique, outre l'« encadrement des âmes », des institutions dans des domaines tels que l'enseignement, la protection de la jeunesse, la santé, la famille ou le travail. La famille, un concept polymorphe, même et surtout pour l'Église Ce retour historique sur la construction et l'évolution de l'allégorie de la Sainte Famille est utile en ce qu'il montre le caractère mouvant des relations entre l'Église et la famille, et surtout les représentations que cette dernière tente de construire et d'imposer. Les historiens ont parfois minoré cet aspect dans les grandes monographies sur l'histoire de la famille et du mariage. Ces travaux ont mis l'accent sur les normes et l'enseignement imposés par l'Église pour asseoir ses positions doctrinales et théologiques 2. Dans sa célèbre histoire de L'évolution de la famille et du mariage en Europe, Jack Goody montre que, pendant le haut Moyen Âge, cette politique répondait, outre à un projet religieux, à des stratégies économiques visant à récupérer les différents héritages laissés en déshérence par les interdits qu'elle était parvenue à faire peser sur les droits de succession (le remariage des veuves et l'adoption) 3. Goody était anthropologue et son approche se ressent de l'ancrage de la discipline de l'époque dans les questions de filiation et de parenté. Dans cette perspective, l'Église est souvent perçue comme un appareil législatif monolithique. La famille, un concept théologique polymorphe Si les velléités législatives traversent toute l'histoire de l'institution et demeurent aujourd'hui un point nodal de son fonctionnement, son caractère monolithique est, dès l'origine, au mieux, un projet. Comme l'écrit Véronique Beaulande-Barraud, « [l]'Église médiévale est (…) le creuset de la famille catholique contemporaine. Mais cette construction-car c'en est bien une-n'a rien de linéaire ni d'univoque, ni dans l'établissement progressif d'une norme défendue par le magistère, au prix de la contrainte judiciaire éventuellement, ni dans l'appropriation de cette norme par les hommes et les femmes de la fin du Moyen Âge ». Le phénomène connaît un continuum dans l'espace et le temps très bien décrit par l'historien Claude Langlois. L'Église, écrit-il, est le théâtre de tensions durables entre « choix individuel et normes éthiques ; décision individuelle et visée géopolitique ; sexualité des couples et pratique sexuelle des clercs ; perspective pastorale ou rigidité doctrinale » 4. L'Église catholique, comme il le montre, joue sur les deux registres du normatif, en théorie intemporel, et de la tradition, qui implique une évolution « [que l'historien] a, lui-même, à apprécier dans sa traque de la réalité du terrain. Parce que aussi (…), la légitimation a oscillé, en régime catholique, entre une référence au texte singulier (la Révélation) et la mise en avant d'une norme universelle (la loi naturelle) » 5 .
for comments, brainstorming and bibliographic assistance; and to Franchesca Alamo and Amy Tang fo... more for comments, brainstorming and bibliographic assistance; and to Franchesca Alamo and Amy Tang for outstanding technical help and research assistance. this sign you shall conquer," and as a result adopted the cross and Chi-Rho Christogram as the battle standard for his legions. 20 At the time he did this, Constantine was not yet a Christian, but, having indeed conquered, he, in the course of his reign, first ended persecution of Christians, then offered financial support to Christian churches, intervened in theological and administrative disputes in the Christian Church, and, before his death in the year 337, had converted to Christianity and begun the destruction of temples dedicated to other gods. 21 As I shall discuss, Roger Williams described these apparently benevolent actions of Constantine as disastrous for Christ's church, more harmful even than the persecutions of Nero. 22 Given the use of the cross in military history beginning with Constantine, there is much to be said for the proposition that, unlike even the crosses on the graves of individual fallen soldiers in the World War I battlefields of Europe, the monumental Bladensburg Cross stands not so much as a symbol of Christ's sacrifice and the promise of resurrection giving victory over death to the Christian faithful, but indeed as a memorial to the soldiers' sacrifice of their own lives in aid of victory in a secular fight for what the inscription at the base of the Bladensburg monument calls "the liberty of the world." 23 In this particular fight, World War I, most of the combatant nations on both sides were majority Christian, 24 some with established national Christian churches, and, as I shall discuss, most used the form of a cross on military decorations bestowed on particularly valiant combatants, even though Christianity itself was nothing like a casus belli for either side. 25 Like Constantine in 312, and unlike, for example, 20. For a fuller discussion of this and the other acts of Constantine mentioned in this paragraph, see discussion infra Part III. 21. See, e.g., EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, THE LIFE OF THE BLESSED EMPEROR CONSTANTINE: BOOK III, reprinted in 1 THE GREEK ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORIANS OF THE FIRST SIX CENTURIES OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA 113, 136-42 (London, Samuel Bagster & Sons, n.d.). See also discussion infra Part III. 22. See infra footnotes 120-25 and accompanying text. 23. Am. Legion v. Am. Humanist Ass'n, 139 S. Ct. 2067, 2077 (2019) (providing some of the monument's background and quoting its inscription). 24. The major exceptions were Japan and the majority-Muslim Ottoman Empire. 25. See infra Part VI.
This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of comp... more This article examines the origins and uses by the Vatican of the theological anthropology of complementarity, arguing that the doctrine of complementarity, under which the sexes are essentially different though not unequal, is an invention of the twentieth century untraceable in earlier centuries, but developed by, among others, the Popes from Pius XII through Benedict XVI, in part as a response to feminist claims, including those recently anathematized by the Vatican under the term ‘gender.’ After exploring some difficulties with the application of the doctrine of complementarity as Catholic orthodoxy, the article concludes by compiling preliminary evidence as to the extent Pope Francis will continue his predecessors’ approach to complementarity.
He has published widely on theological issues, including in-depth discussions of the work of Sain... more He has published widely on theological issues, including in-depth discussions of the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas and Pope Benedict XVI. In 2015, Mgr Charamsa made global headlines after he came out, together with his partner Eduard Planas, on the eve of the second Synod on the Family. He lost his job and was almost immediately suspended from priesthood. Since then, he has been an outspoken critic of Catholic conservatism on issues related to women's and LGBTIQ rights, and has advocated for the need of the Church to amend its teachings. He recently published his recollections of his life at the Vatican (La Prima Pietra. Milan: Rizzoli, 2016) and keeps a website (www. kcharamsa.com) to share his activities.
Civil Rights Litigation and Attorney Fees Annual Handbook, 2001
In his lone dissent from the Supreme Court's decision holding the Virginia Military Institute's e... more In his lone dissent from the Supreme Court's decision holding the Virginia Military Institute's exclusion of women unconstitutional, Justice Scalia worked up to yet another fever pitch of outrage at what he perceived as the majority's unprincipled departure from established doctrine. According to an indignant Justice Scalia: [T]he Court proceeds to interpret "exceedingly persuasive justification" in a fashion that contradicts the reasoning of. .. other precedents. t J.E.B. v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127, 138 (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 410 (1991)). "-For reasons set forth more fully in Mary Anne C. Case, Disaggregating Genderfrom Sex and Sexual Orientation: The Effeminate Man in the Law and FeministJurisprudene, 105 YALE L. 1, 2-4, 9-13 (1995), I shall throughout this article use the term "sex discrimination" to refer to discrimination between males and females and reserve the term "gender discrimination" to refer to discrimination on the basis of qualities coded as masculine or feminine, whether the person exhibiting those qualities is male or female. For reasons set forth more fully below, I shall generally use the term "discrimination" in its technical sense of "making a distinction." Thus, not all sex discrimination in the law (i.e., not all distinctions made in the law on the basis of sex) will necessarily be unconstitutional. Nor will every denial of equal protection to persons on account of their sex necessarily result from sex discrimination. As I shall further explain, because the Supreme Court's inquiries into the denial of equal protection on grounds of sex have focused quite narrowly on deprivations caused by rules that, on their face, distinguish between males and females (i.e., sexrespecting rules), it is no accident that I refer to the law of sex discrimination, rather than say, of sex equality.
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