The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (be... more The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (benzyl alcohol, phenols) is investigated in electrokinetic chromatographic (EKC) systems consisting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as charged, polymeric, replaceable pseudostationary phase. The separation systems consist of a buffer solution (2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.0, 20 mM) containing 0.3-0.9% (w / v) PEI as additive and a varying percentage of methanol (0-50%, v / v) or acetonitrile (0-30%, v / v). EKC is carried out in fused-silica capillaries [47.0 cm (effective length 40.3 cm)3100 mm I.D.]. They are dynamically coated with PEI, resulting in an electroosmotic flow directed towards the anode. The neutral analytes are migrating with the electroosmotic flow, and are retarded by the electrically driven counterflow of PEI. Separation of the analytes follows in the sequence benzyl alcohol, phenol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, reflecting the increasing hydrogen bond acidity and polarity (polarizibility) of the solutes. However, addition of methanol or acetonitrile causes a drastic loss of resolution, whereby the relative retention of the separands (related to benzyl alcohol) indicates a decrease of retardation upon addition of the organic solvents.
Dynamics of interconversion of enantiomers in chiral separation systems: A novel approach for det... more Dynamics of interconversion of enantiomers in chiral separation systems: A novel approach for determination of all rate constants involved in the interconversion When enantiomers separated by chromatography or capillary electrophoresis undergo interconversion reaction (enantiomerization) during the separation, it leads to a typical detection pattern: two individual peaks of the separated enantiomers are connected with a plateau consisting of a mixture of both separated enantiomers. We propose a separation method for determination of all individual rate constants (or inversion barriers) of the interconversion. The method enables to distinguish which part of interconversion takes place in the free (unbound) form of the analyte and which part in the complexed (bound) form. Further, we propose a complete dynamic model of capillary electrophoresis of interconverting enantiomers based on solving a complete set of continuity equations for all constituents of the separation system together with complexation and acid-base equilibria. This allows a simulation of both linear and nonlinear mode of separation and understanding all processes taking place in such enantioseparation systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the method on determination of the rate constants of interconversion of oxazepam enantiomers separated in systems with charged cyclodextrin chiral selectors.
Peak broadening in microchip electrophoresis: A discussion of the theoretical background A review... more Peak broadening in microchip electrophoresis: A discussion of the theoretical background A review on peak (band, zone) broadening in electromigration separation methods is presented, mainly covering articles published between the begining of 2000 and middle of 2002. Most attention is drawn to work dealing with microchip electrophoresis performed in micrototal analysis systems (mTAS) or the lab-on-a-chip, but many of the results are significant for capillary zone electrophoresis in general. The paper reviews the theoretical background of the peak dispersion due to the geometry of the separation channel, the transversal nonhomogeneity of the electroosmootic flow, and electromigration dispersion (sample overload) connected with the occurrence of the system zones (system peaks, system eigenpeaks).
To increase the injection volume in capillary zone electrophoresis, a preconcentration step can b... more To increase the injection volume in capillary zone electrophoresis, a preconcentration step can be carried out. In this way a 50 times higher sample load is easily reached. Two types of such stacking systems are compared by computer simulation and are optimized with respect to ...
<jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra ... more <jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets interpretation has been carried out of absorption spectra of α,α'-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited states has been determined by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).</jats:p>
Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in ... more Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in univalent weak electrolytes We analyze in detail a mathematical model of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based on the conception of eigenmobilities, which are eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations. Our model considers CZE systems, where constituents are weak electrolytes and where pH of the background electrolyte may reach the full range from 0 to 14. Both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are taken into account in relations for conductivity and electroneutrality. An electrophoretic system with N constituents has N eigenmobilities. We reveal that two of the eigenmobilities have a special meaning as they exist due to the presence of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (in water solutions). These two eigenmobilities are responsible for the existence of two corresponding system zones (system peaks). We show that the stationary zone (injection zone, water zone, gap, peak, dip) is in many common background electrolytes composed of these two eigenzones which overlap, due to their very low electrophoretic mobility, into one zone. Other eigenmobilities give rise to system zones originating due to a possible existence of double (or multiple) coconstituents in the background electrolyte. The last group of eigenmobilities is connected with the movement of eigenzones accompanying analytes and enabling their indirect UV or conductivity detection. The model allows assessing experimentally available quantities such as effective mobility of the analyte, molar conductivity detection response, transfer ratio, and relative velocity slope and gives a picture about migration of analytes, their electromigration dispersion and signals obtained in detectors. It allows computer simulation of electropherograms and enables optimization of background electrolytes.
<jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra ... more <jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets, interpretation has been carried out of absorption spectra of α,β-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited states has been investigated by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).</jats:p>
On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescenc... more On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets, interpretation has been carried out of electronic absorption spectra of β,β&#39;-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited ππ* states has been determined by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).
Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, May 1, 1987
IS electrochemically reduced in six waves arranged into three doublets. The first doublet is ascr... more IS electrochemically reduced in six waves arranged into three doublets. The first doublet is ascribed on the basis of electrochemical, UV-visible spectral and ESR evidence, to the complete reduction of the hetero-l&and [Ru(bpy),(5,5'-COGEtbpy2-)]0 being formed stepwise. The third electron is lccalized on the bpy2 moiety. The fourth electron is most probably localized on bpy, as well; however, the ESR spectra did not show any signal. The last doublet at potentials of-3 V is electrochemically partially irreversible, but exhibits full chemical reversibility. The localixation of the electron charge is also most probably on the bpy2 moiety. l Dedicated to the memory of Donald E. Smith.
The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (be... more The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (benzyl alcohol, phenols) is investigated in electrokinetic chromatographic (EKC) systems consisting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as charged, polymeric, replaceable pseudostationary phase. The separation systems consist of a buffer solution (2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.0, 20 mM) containing 0.3-0.9% (w / v) PEI as additive and a varying percentage of methanol (0-50%, v / v) or acetonitrile (0-30%, v / v). EKC is carried out in fused-silica capillaries [47.0 cm (effective length 40.3 cm)3100 mm I.D.]. They are dynamically coated with PEI, resulting in an electroosmotic flow directed towards the anode. The neutral analytes are migrating with the electroosmotic flow, and are retarded by the electrically driven counterflow of PEI. Separation of the analytes follows in the sequence benzyl alcohol, phenol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, reflecting the increasing hydrogen bond acidity and polarity (polarizibility) of the solutes. However, addition of methanol or acetonitrile causes a drastic loss of resolution, whereby the relative retention of the separands (related to benzyl alcohol) indicates a decrease of retardation upon addition of the organic solvents.
Theory of equilibria, migration and dynamics of interconversion of a chiral analyte in electromig... more Theory of equilibria, migration and dynamics of interconversion of a chiral analyte in electromigration enantioseparation systems involving a mixture of chiral selectors for the chiral recognition (separation) are proposed. The model assumes that each individual analyte-CS interaction is fast, fully independent on other interactions and the analyte can interact with CS in 1:1 ratio and that the analyte is present in the concentration small enough not to considerably change the concentration of free CSs. Under these presumptions, the system behaves as there was only one chiral selector with a certain overall equilibrium constant, overall mobility of analyte-selector complex (associate) and overall rate constant of interconversion in a chiral environment. We give the mathematical equations of the overall parameters. A special interest is devoted to the dynamics of interconversion. Interconversion in systems with mixture of chiral selectors is governed by two apparent rate constants of interconversion in the same way as in case of singe-selector systems. We propose the experimental design that allows to determine rates of interconversion in both chiral and achiral parts of the enantioseparation system separately. The approach is verified experimentally in the second part of the article.
Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in ... more Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in univalent weak electrolytes We analyze in detail a mathematical model of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based on the conception of eigenmobilities, which are eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations. Our model considers CZE systems, where constituents are weak electrolytes and where pH of the background electrolyte may reach the full range from 0 to 14. Both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are taken into account in relations for conductivity and electroneutrality. An electrophoretic system with N constituents has N eigenmobilities. We reveal that two of the eigenmobilities have a special meaning as they exist due to the presence of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (in water solutions). These two eigenmobilities are responsible for the existence of two corresponding system zones (system peaks). We show that the stationary zone (injection zone, water zone, gap, peak, dip) is in many common background electrolytes composed of these two eigenzones which overlap, due to their very low electrophoretic mobility, into one zone. Other eigenmobilities give rise to system zones originating due to a possible existence of double (or multiple) coconstituents in the background electrolyte. The last group of eigenmobilities is connected with the movement of eigenzones accompanying analytes and enabling their indirect UV or conductivity detection. The model allows assessing experimentally available quantities such as effective mobility of the analyte, molar conductivity detection response, transfer ratio, and relative velocity slope and gives a picture about migration of analytes, their electromigration dispersion and signals obtained in detectors. It allows computer simulation of electropherograms and enables optimization of background electrolytes.
Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresi... more Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis Two constructions of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector that are fitted to the specific demands of capillary zone electrophoresis are described. The axial arrangement of the electrodes of the conductivity cell with two cylindrical electrodes placed around the outer wall of the capillary column is used. We propose an equivalent electrical model of the axial contactless conductivity cell, which explains the features of its behavior including overshooting phenomena. We give the computer numerical solution of the model enabling simulation of real experimental runs. The role of many parameters can be evaluated in this way, such as the dimension of the separation channel, dimension of the electrodes, length of the gap between electrodes, influence of the shielding, etc. The conception of model allows its use for the optimization of the construction of the conductivity cell, either in the cylindrical format or in the microchip format. The ability of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector is demonstrated on separation of inorganic ions.
Scaling down of capillary electrophoresis into the microfluidic chip format needs further effort ... more Scaling down of capillary electrophoresis into the microfluidic chip format needs further effort to bring this powerful but still cost-intensive separation technique to broader application at reasonable budget charging. Here, two key components of the measurement system are addressed: Chip substrate material and analyte detector. Based on polymer chips, including the favored polyether ether keton (PEEK) material for chemical analysis and introducing electrically contactless conductivity detection (CCD) well compatible to electrophoretic separation a low cost, simple to handle and flexible measurement system was developed. As demonstrated, this Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis (MinCE) device is well suitable for small ion analysis. It is designed for budget-conscious application of lab-on-a-chip technology ranging from food analysis, environment monitoring and medical diagnostics to basic research or even for education in electromigration separation analytical techniques.
The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (be... more The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (benzyl alcohol, phenols) is investigated in electrokinetic chromatographic (EKC) systems consisting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as charged, polymeric, replaceable pseudostationary phase. The separation systems consist of a buffer solution (2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.0, 20 mM) containing 0.3-0.9% (w / v) PEI as additive and a varying percentage of methanol (0-50%, v / v) or acetonitrile (0-30%, v / v). EKC is carried out in fused-silica capillaries [47.0 cm (effective length 40.3 cm)3100 mm I.D.]. They are dynamically coated with PEI, resulting in an electroosmotic flow directed towards the anode. The neutral analytes are migrating with the electroosmotic flow, and are retarded by the electrically driven counterflow of PEI. Separation of the analytes follows in the sequence benzyl alcohol, phenol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, reflecting the increasing hydrogen bond acidity and polarity (polarizibility) of the solutes. However, addition of methanol or acetonitrile causes a drastic loss of resolution, whereby the relative retention of the separands (related to benzyl alcohol) indicates a decrease of retardation upon addition of the organic solvents.
Dynamics of interconversion of enantiomers in chiral separation systems: A novel approach for det... more Dynamics of interconversion of enantiomers in chiral separation systems: A novel approach for determination of all rate constants involved in the interconversion When enantiomers separated by chromatography or capillary electrophoresis undergo interconversion reaction (enantiomerization) during the separation, it leads to a typical detection pattern: two individual peaks of the separated enantiomers are connected with a plateau consisting of a mixture of both separated enantiomers. We propose a separation method for determination of all individual rate constants (or inversion barriers) of the interconversion. The method enables to distinguish which part of interconversion takes place in the free (unbound) form of the analyte and which part in the complexed (bound) form. Further, we propose a complete dynamic model of capillary electrophoresis of interconverting enantiomers based on solving a complete set of continuity equations for all constituents of the separation system together with complexation and acid-base equilibria. This allows a simulation of both linear and nonlinear mode of separation and understanding all processes taking place in such enantioseparation systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the method on determination of the rate constants of interconversion of oxazepam enantiomers separated in systems with charged cyclodextrin chiral selectors.
Peak broadening in microchip electrophoresis: A discussion of the theoretical background A review... more Peak broadening in microchip electrophoresis: A discussion of the theoretical background A review on peak (band, zone) broadening in electromigration separation methods is presented, mainly covering articles published between the begining of 2000 and middle of 2002. Most attention is drawn to work dealing with microchip electrophoresis performed in micrototal analysis systems (mTAS) or the lab-on-a-chip, but many of the results are significant for capillary zone electrophoresis in general. The paper reviews the theoretical background of the peak dispersion due to the geometry of the separation channel, the transversal nonhomogeneity of the electroosmootic flow, and electromigration dispersion (sample overload) connected with the occurrence of the system zones (system peaks, system eigenpeaks).
To increase the injection volume in capillary zone electrophoresis, a preconcentration step can b... more To increase the injection volume in capillary zone electrophoresis, a preconcentration step can be carried out. In this way a 50 times higher sample load is easily reached. Two types of such stacking systems are compared by computer simulation and are optimized with respect to ...
<jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra ... more <jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets interpretation has been carried out of absorption spectra of α,α'-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited states has been determined by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).</jats:p>
Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in ... more Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in univalent weak electrolytes We analyze in detail a mathematical model of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based on the conception of eigenmobilities, which are eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations. Our model considers CZE systems, where constituents are weak electrolytes and where pH of the background electrolyte may reach the full range from 0 to 14. Both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are taken into account in relations for conductivity and electroneutrality. An electrophoretic system with N constituents has N eigenmobilities. We reveal that two of the eigenmobilities have a special meaning as they exist due to the presence of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (in water solutions). These two eigenmobilities are responsible for the existence of two corresponding system zones (system peaks). We show that the stationary zone (injection zone, water zone, gap, peak, dip) is in many common background electrolytes composed of these two eigenzones which overlap, due to their very low electrophoretic mobility, into one zone. Other eigenmobilities give rise to system zones originating due to a possible existence of double (or multiple) coconstituents in the background electrolyte. The last group of eigenmobilities is connected with the movement of eigenzones accompanying analytes and enabling their indirect UV or conductivity detection. The model allows assessing experimentally available quantities such as effective mobility of the analyte, molar conductivity detection response, transfer ratio, and relative velocity slope and gives a picture about migration of analytes, their electromigration dispersion and signals obtained in detectors. It allows computer simulation of electropherograms and enables optimization of background electrolytes.
<jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra ... more <jats:p>On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets, interpretation has been carried out of absorption spectra of α,β-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited states has been investigated by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).</jats:p>
On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescenc... more On the basis of measurement of absorption frequency-dependent polarisation spectra of fluorescence (APF) and dichroism on oriented polyvinyl alcohol sheets, interpretation has been carried out of electronic absorption spectra of β,β&#39;-diamino-9,10-anthraquinones in the wavelength range 250 to 600 nm. Character of the excited ππ* states has been determined by the method of configuration analysis (PPP-CA).
Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, May 1, 1987
IS electrochemically reduced in six waves arranged into three doublets. The first doublet is ascr... more IS electrochemically reduced in six waves arranged into three doublets. The first doublet is ascribed on the basis of electrochemical, UV-visible spectral and ESR evidence, to the complete reduction of the hetero-l&and [Ru(bpy),(5,5'-COGEtbpy2-)]0 being formed stepwise. The third electron is lccalized on the bpy2 moiety. The fourth electron is most probably localized on bpy, as well; however, the ESR spectra did not show any signal. The last doublet at potentials of-3 V is electrochemically partially irreversible, but exhibits full chemical reversibility. The localixation of the electron charge is also most probably on the bpy2 moiety. l Dedicated to the memory of Donald E. Smith.
The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (be... more The effect of methanol and acetonitrile, respectively, on the separation of neutral compounds (benzyl alcohol, phenols) is investigated in electrokinetic chromatographic (EKC) systems consisting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as charged, polymeric, replaceable pseudostationary phase. The separation systems consist of a buffer solution (2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.0, 20 mM) containing 0.3-0.9% (w / v) PEI as additive and a varying percentage of methanol (0-50%, v / v) or acetonitrile (0-30%, v / v). EKC is carried out in fused-silica capillaries [47.0 cm (effective length 40.3 cm)3100 mm I.D.]. They are dynamically coated with PEI, resulting in an electroosmotic flow directed towards the anode. The neutral analytes are migrating with the electroosmotic flow, and are retarded by the electrically driven counterflow of PEI. Separation of the analytes follows in the sequence benzyl alcohol, phenol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, reflecting the increasing hydrogen bond acidity and polarity (polarizibility) of the solutes. However, addition of methanol or acetonitrile causes a drastic loss of resolution, whereby the relative retention of the separands (related to benzyl alcohol) indicates a decrease of retardation upon addition of the organic solvents.
Theory of equilibria, migration and dynamics of interconversion of a chiral analyte in electromig... more Theory of equilibria, migration and dynamics of interconversion of a chiral analyte in electromigration enantioseparation systems involving a mixture of chiral selectors for the chiral recognition (separation) are proposed. The model assumes that each individual analyte-CS interaction is fast, fully independent on other interactions and the analyte can interact with CS in 1:1 ratio and that the analyte is present in the concentration small enough not to considerably change the concentration of free CSs. Under these presumptions, the system behaves as there was only one chiral selector with a certain overall equilibrium constant, overall mobility of analyte-selector complex (associate) and overall rate constant of interconversion in a chiral environment. We give the mathematical equations of the overall parameters. A special interest is devoted to the dynamics of interconversion. Interconversion in systems with mixture of chiral selectors is governed by two apparent rate constants of interconversion in the same way as in case of singe-selector systems. We propose the experimental design that allows to determine rates of interconversion in both chiral and achiral parts of the enantioseparation system separately. The approach is verified experimentally in the second part of the article.
Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in ... more Eigenmobilities in background electrolytes for capillary zone electrophoresis: II. Eigenpeaks in univalent weak electrolytes We analyze in detail a mathematical model of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based on the conception of eigenmobilities, which are eigenvalues of the matrix tied to the linearized continuity equations. Our model considers CZE systems, where constituents are weak electrolytes and where pH of the background electrolyte may reach the full range from 0 to 14. Both hydrogen and hydroxide ions are taken into account in relations for conductivity and electroneutrality. An electrophoretic system with N constituents has N eigenmobilities. We reveal that two of the eigenmobilities have a special meaning as they exist due to the presence of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (in water solutions). These two eigenmobilities are responsible for the existence of two corresponding system zones (system peaks). We show that the stationary zone (injection zone, water zone, gap, peak, dip) is in many common background electrolytes composed of these two eigenzones which overlap, due to their very low electrophoretic mobility, into one zone. Other eigenmobilities give rise to system zones originating due to a possible existence of double (or multiple) coconstituents in the background electrolyte. The last group of eigenmobilities is connected with the movement of eigenzones accompanying analytes and enabling their indirect UV or conductivity detection. The model allows assessing experimentally available quantities such as effective mobility of the analyte, molar conductivity detection response, transfer ratio, and relative velocity slope and gives a picture about migration of analytes, their electromigration dispersion and signals obtained in detectors. It allows computer simulation of electropherograms and enables optimization of background electrolytes.
Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresi... more Optimization of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis Two constructions of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector that are fitted to the specific demands of capillary zone electrophoresis are described. The axial arrangement of the electrodes of the conductivity cell with two cylindrical electrodes placed around the outer wall of the capillary column is used. We propose an equivalent electrical model of the axial contactless conductivity cell, which explains the features of its behavior including overshooting phenomena. We give the computer numerical solution of the model enabling simulation of real experimental runs. The role of many parameters can be evaluated in this way, such as the dimension of the separation channel, dimension of the electrodes, length of the gap between electrodes, influence of the shielding, etc. The conception of model allows its use for the optimization of the construction of the conductivity cell, either in the cylindrical format or in the microchip format. The ability of the high-frequency contactless conductivity detector is demonstrated on separation of inorganic ions.
Scaling down of capillary electrophoresis into the microfluidic chip format needs further effort ... more Scaling down of capillary electrophoresis into the microfluidic chip format needs further effort to bring this powerful but still cost-intensive separation technique to broader application at reasonable budget charging. Here, two key components of the measurement system are addressed: Chip substrate material and analyte detector. Based on polymer chips, including the favored polyether ether keton (PEEK) material for chemical analysis and introducing electrically contactless conductivity detection (CCD) well compatible to electrophoretic separation a low cost, simple to handle and flexible measurement system was developed. As demonstrated, this Miniaturized Capillary Electrophoresis (MinCE) device is well suitable for small ion analysis. It is designed for budget-conscious application of lab-on-a-chip technology ranging from food analysis, environment monitoring and medical diagnostics to basic research or even for education in electromigration separation analytical techniques.
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Papers by Bohuslav Gaš