Emotional regulation is important for mental health and behavioral regulation. A relevant precurs... more Emotional regulation is important for mental health and behavioral regulation. A relevant precursor to emotional regulation may involve identification of one's emotions. Here, we propose a model of seven components that may provide a foundation for emotion identification. These factors include baseline mood, monitoring, physiological responses, interoception, past personal experiences regarding emotions/metacognition, context, and labeling. We additionally examine how deficits in different components may contribute to the concept of alexithymia, which is defined by difficulty identifying and describing one's own emotions. Ultimately, we explore how the model may support a relationship between specific psychiatric disorders and alexithymia. The proposed model may help explain emotional identification impairment in multiple psychiatric disorders and guide future research and treatment development efforts.
The migration of British accounting professionals to both settler and non-settler colonies in the... more The migration of British accounting professionals to both settler and non-settler colonies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bequeathed an enduring legacy for the professionalisation process in these countries. This study sets out to trace the rise of professional accountancy in colonial Kenya, a racially diversified and hierarchical colonial society where non-whites were marginalized and the minority white population ruled. Drawing from archival sources and some oral history data, the study traces the formation and operation of a colonial professional body, the Association of Accountants in East Africa (AAEA), comprised mainly of British expatriate accountants. In particular, it shows how traditional, formal closure devices, such as the restrictive use of designations, examinations and training requirements and the registration of accountants were employed by AAEA in its attempts to exclude unqualified practitioners and control the market for accounting services in the colony. It also presents evidence that attests to the use of more informal closure devices, taking advantage of the socio-cultural conditions specific to this colony, to exclude on the basis of race.
Neuroimaging studies in current cocaine dependent (CD) individuals consistently reveal cortical h... more Neuroimaging studies in current cocaine dependent (CD) individuals consistently reveal cortical hypoactivity across regions of the response inhibition circuit (RIC). Dysregulation of this critical executive network is hypothesized to account for the lack of inhibitory control that is a hallmark of the addictive phenotype, and chronic abuse is believed to compound the issue. A crucial question is whether deficits in this circuit persist after drug cessation, and whether recovery of this system will be seen after extended periods of abstinence, a question with implications for treatment course and outcome. Utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined activation in nodes of the RIC in abstinent CD individuals (n = 27) and non-using controls (n = 45) while they performed a motor response inhibition task. In contrast to current
Cannabis is commonly used, and use may be increasing in the setting of increasing legalization an... more Cannabis is commonly used, and use may be increasing in the setting of increasing legalization and social acceptance. The scope of the effects of cannabis products, including varieties with higher or lower levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD), on domains related to addictive behavior deserves attention, particularly as legalization continues. Cannabis use may impact neural underpinnings of cognitive functions linked to propensities to engage in addictive behaviors. Here we consider these neurocognitive processes within the framework of the dual-process model of addictions. In this mini-review, we describe data on the relationships between two main constituents of cannabis (THC and CBD) and neural correlates of reward processing, inhibitory control and working memory.
Caffeine and L-theanine, both naturally occurring in tea, affect the ability to make rapid phasic... more Caffeine and L-theanine, both naturally occurring in tea, affect the ability to make rapid phasic deployments of attention to locations in space as reflected in behavioural performance and alpha-band oscillatory brain activity (8e14 Hz). However, surprisingly little is known about how these compounds affect an aspect of attention that has been more popularly associated with tea, namely vigilant attention: the ability to maintain focus on monotonous tasks over protracted time-periods. Twenty-seven participants performed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) over a two-hour session on each of four days, on which they were administered caffeine (50 mg), theanine (100 mg), the combination, or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion. Concurrently, we recorded oscillatory brain activity through high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We asked whether either compound alone, or both in combination, would affect performance of the task in terms of reduced error rates over time, and whether changes in alpha-band activity would show a relationship to such changes in performance. When treated with placebo, participants showed a rise in error rates, a pattern that is commonly observed with increasing time-on-task, whereas after caffeine and theanine ingestion, error rates were significantly reduced. The combined treatment did not confer any additional benefits over either compound alone, suggesting that the individual compounds may confer maximal benefits at the dosages employed. Alpha-band oscillatory activity was significantly reduced on ingestion of caffeine, particularly in the first hour. This effect was not changed by addition of theanine in the combined treatment. Theanine alone did not affect alpha-band activity.
Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implicat... more Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies dur...
While childhood stress may contribute risk to substance-use initiation and differences in brain w... more While childhood stress may contribute risk to substance-use initiation and differences in brain white-matter development, understanding of the potential impact of substance-use initiation on the relationship between experienced stress and white-matter microstructure remains limited. This study examined whether substance-use initiation moderated the effect of perceived stress on white-matter differences using measures of primary white-matter fiber anisotropy. Forty adolescents (age 14.75 ± .87 years) were assessed on the Perceived Stress Scale, and 50% were determined to have presence of substance-use initiation. White-matter microstructure was examined using primary-fiber orientations anisotropy, which may reflect white-matter integrity, modeled separately from other fiber orientations in the same voxels. Analyses were conducted on regions of interest previously associated with childhood stress and substance use. Lower perceived stress and presence of substance-use initiation were r...
Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback process... more Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback processing may underlie this impairment. We examined neural correlates of feedback processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in 49 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE) and 34 nondrug exposed (NDE) adolescents. Adolescents performed a reward-feedback task with win/no-win feedback in a chance-based task. We investigated amplitude and latency of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 ERP components and source-based estimates elicited during feedback processing. PCE adolescents had smaller P300 amplitudes for no-win feedback, and source analysis in the P300 time window revealed differences between groups localized to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
Background and Objectives-Cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (ES), two emotion ... more Background and Objectives-Cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (ES), two emotion regulation strategies, are disrupted in other substance use disorders but have not been studied in cocaine dependence. Methods-Methadone-maintained individuals with cocaine dependence (N = 72) completed assessment of CR, ES, cocaine use, and psychiatric symptoms. Results-Pre-treatment CR scores were associated with lower depression scores (r = −.29, p =. 01), but not with cocaine abstinence during 8 weeks of treatment (r = .12, p = .29). Conclusions and Scientific Significance-CR appeared relevant to cocaine-dependent individuals' depression, but was not associated with abstinence or treatment outcome. Emotion regulation is the process of modulating emotional responses to situations. One model for emotion regulation 1 involves two specific strategies 1 : cognitive reappraisal (CR), or changing an emotional state by changing the way one thinks about a situation, and emotional suppression (ES), or changing the emotional state by inhibiting one's responses to a situation 1. In a large university sample, CR was associated with lower depression and ES was associated with higher depression; similarly, CR had positive correlations with wellbeing and satisfaction and ES had negative correlations 1. Other studies in clinical and general populations have showed similar patterns, indicating ES was associated with poorer coping abilities; structural and functional neuroimaging indicated CR and ES use were associated with brain regions associated with emotion regulation 2. Evidence suggests that emotion regulation is disrupted in substance use disorders (SUD): lower CR use was reported among abstinent men with heroin dependence 3 as compared to those without
Emotional regulation is important for mental health and behavioral regulation. A relevant precurs... more Emotional regulation is important for mental health and behavioral regulation. A relevant precursor to emotional regulation may involve identification of one's emotions. Here, we propose a model of seven components that may provide a foundation for emotion identification. These factors include baseline mood, monitoring, physiological responses, interoception, past personal experiences regarding emotions/metacognition, context, and labeling. We additionally examine how deficits in different components may contribute to the concept of alexithymia, which is defined by difficulty identifying and describing one's own emotions. Ultimately, we explore how the model may support a relationship between specific psychiatric disorders and alexithymia. The proposed model may help explain emotional identification impairment in multiple psychiatric disorders and guide future research and treatment development efforts.
The migration of British accounting professionals to both settler and non-settler colonies in the... more The migration of British accounting professionals to both settler and non-settler colonies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bequeathed an enduring legacy for the professionalisation process in these countries. This study sets out to trace the rise of professional accountancy in colonial Kenya, a racially diversified and hierarchical colonial society where non-whites were marginalized and the minority white population ruled. Drawing from archival sources and some oral history data, the study traces the formation and operation of a colonial professional body, the Association of Accountants in East Africa (AAEA), comprised mainly of British expatriate accountants. In particular, it shows how traditional, formal closure devices, such as the restrictive use of designations, examinations and training requirements and the registration of accountants were employed by AAEA in its attempts to exclude unqualified practitioners and control the market for accounting services in the colony. It also presents evidence that attests to the use of more informal closure devices, taking advantage of the socio-cultural conditions specific to this colony, to exclude on the basis of race.
Neuroimaging studies in current cocaine dependent (CD) individuals consistently reveal cortical h... more Neuroimaging studies in current cocaine dependent (CD) individuals consistently reveal cortical hypoactivity across regions of the response inhibition circuit (RIC). Dysregulation of this critical executive network is hypothesized to account for the lack of inhibitory control that is a hallmark of the addictive phenotype, and chronic abuse is believed to compound the issue. A crucial question is whether deficits in this circuit persist after drug cessation, and whether recovery of this system will be seen after extended periods of abstinence, a question with implications for treatment course and outcome. Utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined activation in nodes of the RIC in abstinent CD individuals (n = 27) and non-using controls (n = 45) while they performed a motor response inhibition task. In contrast to current
Cannabis is commonly used, and use may be increasing in the setting of increasing legalization an... more Cannabis is commonly used, and use may be increasing in the setting of increasing legalization and social acceptance. The scope of the effects of cannabis products, including varieties with higher or lower levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD), on domains related to addictive behavior deserves attention, particularly as legalization continues. Cannabis use may impact neural underpinnings of cognitive functions linked to propensities to engage in addictive behaviors. Here we consider these neurocognitive processes within the framework of the dual-process model of addictions. In this mini-review, we describe data on the relationships between two main constituents of cannabis (THC and CBD) and neural correlates of reward processing, inhibitory control and working memory.
Caffeine and L-theanine, both naturally occurring in tea, affect the ability to make rapid phasic... more Caffeine and L-theanine, both naturally occurring in tea, affect the ability to make rapid phasic deployments of attention to locations in space as reflected in behavioural performance and alpha-band oscillatory brain activity (8e14 Hz). However, surprisingly little is known about how these compounds affect an aspect of attention that has been more popularly associated with tea, namely vigilant attention: the ability to maintain focus on monotonous tasks over protracted time-periods. Twenty-seven participants performed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) over a two-hour session on each of four days, on which they were administered caffeine (50 mg), theanine (100 mg), the combination, or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over fashion. Concurrently, we recorded oscillatory brain activity through high-density electroencephalography (EEG). We asked whether either compound alone, or both in combination, would affect performance of the task in terms of reduced error rates over time, and whether changes in alpha-band activity would show a relationship to such changes in performance. When treated with placebo, participants showed a rise in error rates, a pattern that is commonly observed with increasing time-on-task, whereas after caffeine and theanine ingestion, error rates were significantly reduced. The combined treatment did not confer any additional benefits over either compound alone, suggesting that the individual compounds may confer maximal benefits at the dosages employed. Alpha-band oscillatory activity was significantly reduced on ingestion of caffeine, particularly in the first hour. This effect was not changed by addition of theanine in the combined treatment. Theanine alone did not affect alpha-band activity.
Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implicat... more Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies dur...
While childhood stress may contribute risk to substance-use initiation and differences in brain w... more While childhood stress may contribute risk to substance-use initiation and differences in brain white-matter development, understanding of the potential impact of substance-use initiation on the relationship between experienced stress and white-matter microstructure remains limited. This study examined whether substance-use initiation moderated the effect of perceived stress on white-matter differences using measures of primary white-matter fiber anisotropy. Forty adolescents (age 14.75 ± .87 years) were assessed on the Perceived Stress Scale, and 50% were determined to have presence of substance-use initiation. White-matter microstructure was examined using primary-fiber orientations anisotropy, which may reflect white-matter integrity, modeled separately from other fiber orientations in the same voxels. Analyses were conducted on regions of interest previously associated with childhood stress and substance use. Lower perceived stress and presence of substance-use initiation were r...
Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback process... more Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback processing may underlie this impairment. We examined neural correlates of feedback processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in 49 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE) and 34 nondrug exposed (NDE) adolescents. Adolescents performed a reward-feedback task with win/no-win feedback in a chance-based task. We investigated amplitude and latency of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 ERP components and source-based estimates elicited during feedback processing. PCE adolescents had smaller P300 amplitudes for no-win feedback, and source analysis in the P300 time window revealed differences between groups localized to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
Background and Objectives-Cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (ES), two emotion ... more Background and Objectives-Cognitive reappraisal (CR) and emotional suppression (ES), two emotion regulation strategies, are disrupted in other substance use disorders but have not been studied in cocaine dependence. Methods-Methadone-maintained individuals with cocaine dependence (N = 72) completed assessment of CR, ES, cocaine use, and psychiatric symptoms. Results-Pre-treatment CR scores were associated with lower depression scores (r = −.29, p =. 01), but not with cocaine abstinence during 8 weeks of treatment (r = .12, p = .29). Conclusions and Scientific Significance-CR appeared relevant to cocaine-dependent individuals' depression, but was not associated with abstinence or treatment outcome. Emotion regulation is the process of modulating emotional responses to situations. One model for emotion regulation 1 involves two specific strategies 1 : cognitive reappraisal (CR), or changing an emotional state by changing the way one thinks about a situation, and emotional suppression (ES), or changing the emotional state by inhibiting one's responses to a situation 1. In a large university sample, CR was associated with lower depression and ES was associated with higher depression; similarly, CR had positive correlations with wellbeing and satisfaction and ES had negative correlations 1. Other studies in clinical and general populations have showed similar patterns, indicating ES was associated with poorer coping abilities; structural and functional neuroimaging indicated CR and ES use were associated with brain regions associated with emotion regulation 2. Evidence suggests that emotion regulation is disrupted in substance use disorders (SUD): lower CR use was reported among abstinent men with heroin dependence 3 as compared to those without
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Papers by Kristen Morie