Underlying mechanisms behind the hypothesized relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and c... more Underlying mechanisms behind the hypothesized relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been insufficiently explored. We evaluated associations between self-reported tooth loss- a marker of PD- and prognostic biomarkers in 15,456 (97%) patients with stable CHD in the global STABILITY trial. Baseline blood samples were obtained and patients reported their number of teeth according to the following tooth loss levels: "26-32 (All)" [lowest level], "20-25", "15-19", "1-14", and "No Teeth" [highest level]. Linear and Cox regression models assessed associations between tooth loss levels and biomarker levels, and the relationship between tooth loss levels and outcomes, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the relative biomarker increase between the highest and the lowest tooth loss level was: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.29), interleukin 6 1.14 (...
Dulaglutide, a synthetic once-weekly, injectable human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue lo... more Dulaglutide, a synthetic once-weekly, injectable human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue lowers blood glucose, body weight, appetite, and blood pressure. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. People with type 2 diabetes, aged 50 or older, a HbA1c ≤9.5%, and either a previous cardiovascular (CV) event, evidence of CV disease or ≥ 2 CV risk factors were randomly allocated to a weekly subcutaneous injection of either dulaglutide (1.5 mg) or placebo and followed within the Researching cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes (REWIND) trial every 3 to 6 months. The primary cardiovascular outcome is the first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death or non-fatal MI or nonfatal stroke. Secondary outcomes include each component of the primary composite cardiovascular outcome, a composite clinical microvascular outcome comprising retinal or renal disease, hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure requiring hospitalization or an urgent hea...
This study examines in a cross-sectional study 'the tobacco control environment' includin... more This study examines in a cross-sectional study 'the tobacco control environment' including tobacco policy implementation and its association with quit ratio. 545 communities from 17 high-income, upper-middle, low-middle and low-income countries (HIC, UMIC, LMIC, LIC) involved in the Environmental Profile of a Community's Health (EPOCH) study from 2009 to 2014. Community audits and surveys of adults (35-70 years, n=12 953). Summary scores of tobacco policy implementation (cost and availability of cigarettes, tobacco advertising, antismoking signage), social unacceptability and knowledge were associated with quit ratios (former vs ever smokers) using multilevel logistic regression models. Average tobacco control policy score was greater in communities from HIC. Overall 56.1% (306/545) of communities had >2 outlets selling cigarettes and in 28.6% (154/539) there was access to cheap cigarettes (<5cents/cigarette) (3.2% (3/93) in HIC, 0% UMIC, 52.6% (90/171) LMIC and 40...
International journal for equity in health, Jan 8, 2016
Effective policies to control hypertension require an understanding of its distribution in the po... more Effective policies to control hypertension require an understanding of its distribution in the population and the barriers people face along the pathway from detection through to treatment and control. One key factor is household wealth, which may enable or limit a household's ability to access health care services and adequately control such a chronic condition. This study aims to describe the scale and patterns of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in 21 countries using baseline data from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study. A cross-section of 163,397 adults aged 35 to 70 years were recruited from 661 urban and rural communities in selected low-, middle- and high-income countries (complete data for this analysis from 151,619 participants). Using blood pressure measurements, self-reported health and household data, concentration indices adjusted for age, sex and urban-rural location, we estimate the magnitude of we...
Several international guidelines recommend the consumption of two servings of fruits and three se... more Several international guidelines recommend the consumption of two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables per day, but their intake is thought to be low worldwide. We aimed to determine the extent to which such low intake is related to availability and affordability. We assessed fruit and vegetable consumption using data from country-specific, validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which enrolled participants from communities in 18 countries between Jan 1, 2003, and Dec 31, 2013. We documented household income data from participants in these communities; we also recorded the diversity and non-sale prices of fruits and vegetables from grocery stores and market places between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2013. We determined the cost of fruits and vegetables relative to income per household member. Linear random effects models, adjusting for the clustering of households within communities, were used to...
Atrial fibrillation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but scant data ar... more Atrial fibrillation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but scant data are available for long-term outcomes in individuals outside North America or Europe, especially in primary care settings. We did a cohort study using a prospective registry of patients in 47 countries who presented to a hospital emergency department with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter as a primary or secondary diagnosis. 15 400 individuals were enrolled to determine the occurrence of death and strokes (the primary outcomes) in this cohort over eight geographical regions (North America, western Europe, and Australia; South America; eastern Europe; the Middle East and Mediterranean crescent; sub-Saharan Africa; India; China; and southeast Asia) 1 year after attending the emergency department. Patients from North America, western Europe, and Australia were used as the reference population, and compared with patients from the other seven regions FINDINGS: Between Dec 24, 2007, and Oct 21, 2011, we enrolled 15 400 individuals to the registry. Follow-up was complete for 15 361 (99·7%), of whom 1758 (11%) died within 1 year. Fewer deaths occurred among patients presenting to the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation compared with patients who had atrial fibrillation as a secondary diagnosis (377 [6%] of 6825 patients vs 1381 [16%] of 8536, p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). Twice as many patients had died by 1 year in South America (192 [17%] of 1132) and Africa (225 [20%] of 1137) compared with North America, western Europe, and Australia (366 [10%] of 3800, p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). Heart failure was the most common cause of death (519 [30%] of 1758); stroke caused 148 (8%) deaths. 604 (4%) of 15361 patients had had a stroke by 1 year; 170 (3%) of 6825 for whom atrial fibrillation was a primary diagnosis and 434 (5%) of 8536 for whom it was a secondary diagnosis (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). The highest number of strokes occurred in patients in Africa (89 [8%] of 1137), China (143 [7%] of 2023), and southeast Asia (88 [7%] of 1331) and the lowest occurred in India (20 [&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;1%] of 2536). 94 (3%) of 3800 patients in North America, western Europe, and Australia had a stroke. Marked unexplained inter-regional variations in the occurrence of stroke and mortality suggest that factors other than clinical variables might be important. Prevention of death from heart failure should be a major priority in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Boehringer Ingelheim.
... Dr. Carlos Cantú Professor do Programa de Doenças Cerebrovasculares da Universidad Nacional A... more ... Dr. Carlos Cantú Professor do Programa de Doenças Cerebrovasculares da Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Presidente do Conselho do ... Albert L Waldo MD The Walter H. Pritchard Professor de cardiologia e professor de medicina Case Western Reserve University ...
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income cou... more Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. We sought to quantify the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for stroke in different regions of the world, and in key populations and primary pathological subtypes of stroke. We completed a standardised international case-control study in 32 countries in Asia, America, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Cases were patients with acute first stroke (within 5 days of symptom onset and 72 h of hospital admission). Controls were hospital-based or community-based individuals with no history of stroke, and were matched with cases, recruited in a 1:1 ratio, for age and sex. All participants completed a clinical assessment and were requested to provide blood and urine samples. Odds ratios (OR) and their population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated, with 99% confidence intervals. Between Jan 11, 2007, and Aug 8, 2015, 26 919 participants were recruited f...
A Medicina Baseada em Evidências é um processo de aprendizado permanente. Este processo envolve: ... more A Medicina Baseada em Evidências é um processo de aprendizado permanente. Este processo envolve: 1. Converter necessidades de informação em questões focalizadas; 2. Localizar eficientemente a melhor evidência disponível para responder às questões formuladas; 3. Analisar criticamente a evidência, considerando a validade e a utilidade clínica; 4. Aplicar os resultados na prática clínica; 5. Avaliar o desempenho da aplicação da evidência na prática diária.
A aplicabilidade clínica diária de inovações e evidências científicas têm oferecido relevante mel... more A aplicabilidade clínica diária de inovações e evidências científicas têm oferecido relevante melhoria da morbidade e da mortalidade das mais distintas doenças, oferecendo também melhor expectativa em qualidade de vida. A disseminação de praáticas que não objetivam desfechos relevantes (mortalidade e qualidade de vida) trouxe o consequüente conceito de otimização de recursos mesmo que, em se tratando de saúde humana, a ética norteie primordialmente as decisões. Neste cenário, as discussões relativas à ética dos lucros de provedores de produtos e serviços em saúde, além da viabi-lidade de tratamentos e iniciativas na área de saúde pública, passaram a ocupar relevante espaço na prática clínica diária dos profissionais de saúde. A chamada farmacoeconomia e as análises econômicas aplicadas à saúde nada mais são do que a aplicação dos princípios da economia ao estudo dos medicamentos e às práticas de saúde, preconizando a otimização na utilização de recursos financeiros sem prejuízo à qualidade e aos desfechos de tratamento. Comumente três tipos de análise têm se constituído mais aplicáveis nesse cenário: as de custo-benefício, custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade.
Durante o processo de execução de estudos clínicos multicêntricos, na seleção de centros de pesqu... more Durante o processo de execução de estudos clínicos multicêntricos, na seleção de centros de pesquisa participantes, consideram-se aspectos fundamentais para a boa condução dos protocolos como o seguimento dos padrões nacionais e internacionais de boas práticas clínicas em pesquisa (BPCs), conhecimento e adequada execução das normatizações nacionais e internacionais de pesquisa, atendimento aos voluntários ou sujeitos de pesquisa a qualquer evento adverso, infra-estrutura adequada, envolvimento de equipe multiprofissional qualificada e especializada. A despeito de esses pré-requisitos serem essenciais para as BPCs, há que se considerar que os centros de pesquisa são sempre passíveis de treinamento e qualificação, de acordo com seu planejamento e envolvimento; no entanto, absolutamente fundamental é a garantia de que o recrutamento, inclusão de sujeitos e a manutenção da adesão desses pacientes no estudo serão efetivas. Neste ambiente, o conhecimento e desenvolvimento de estratégias de recrutamento e seguimento de sujeitos de pesquisa promovem melhor desempenho nas inclusões dos estudos e, conseqüentemente, constante interesse de coordenadores e patrocinadores pelo centro, e maior probabilidade de participação em futuros estudos nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo apresenta normatizações vigentes e sua influência sobre recrutamento de pacientes, bem como discutirá aspectos de impacto na participação de sujeitos de pesquisa em estudos clínicos.
As análises de subgrupos têm um apelo especial: parecem lógicas, intuitivas, promissoras e até me... more As análises de subgrupos têm um apelo especial: parecem lógicas, intuitivas, promissoras e até mesmo divertidas para investigadores e leitores, entretanto sua multiplicidade e ingenuidade combinadas podem propiciar graves erros de interpretação, condução e relato do estudo 1 .
Background Few data exist from a community-based perspective on the relative effectiveness of pri... more Background Few data exist from a community-based perspective on the relative effectiveness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as compared with thrombolytic therapy (TT) in elderly patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), particularly in the current era of coronary stents and newer antithrombotic agents.
ABSTRACT Stenting and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition are promising adjunctive therapies in PCI. The Globa... more ABSTRACT Stenting and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition are promising adjunctive therapies in PCI. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) is a registry of unselected patients with acute coronary syndromes, allowing for the study of treatments in a real-world environment. Data from GRACE patients with AMI who underwent PCI were analyzed. After adjusting for demographics, baseline characteristics, and previous medications, treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and a stent and treatment with a stent alone were significant predictors of survival at 6 months. Stents were used in 90.9% of patients. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 59.7%; in most cases they were started after the beginning of the procedure. The in-hospital death rate (7.6%) was highest in patients undergoing urgent PCI. Mortality at 6 months following PCI was 14.4% among patients who received neither GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors nor a stent, compared to patients who received both GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and a stent (7.3%), GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors alone (12.8%), or a stent alone (6.7%).
Underlying mechanisms behind the hypothesized relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and c... more Underlying mechanisms behind the hypothesized relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been insufficiently explored. We evaluated associations between self-reported tooth loss- a marker of PD- and prognostic biomarkers in 15,456 (97%) patients with stable CHD in the global STABILITY trial. Baseline blood samples were obtained and patients reported their number of teeth according to the following tooth loss levels: "26-32 (All)" [lowest level], "20-25", "15-19", "1-14", and "No Teeth" [highest level]. Linear and Cox regression models assessed associations between tooth loss levels and biomarker levels, and the relationship between tooth loss levels and outcomes, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the relative biomarker increase between the highest and the lowest tooth loss level was: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.29), interleukin 6 1.14 (...
Dulaglutide, a synthetic once-weekly, injectable human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue lo... more Dulaglutide, a synthetic once-weekly, injectable human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogue lowers blood glucose, body weight, appetite, and blood pressure. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. People with type 2 diabetes, aged 50 or older, a HbA1c ≤9.5%, and either a previous cardiovascular (CV) event, evidence of CV disease or ≥ 2 CV risk factors were randomly allocated to a weekly subcutaneous injection of either dulaglutide (1.5 mg) or placebo and followed within the Researching cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes (REWIND) trial every 3 to 6 months. The primary cardiovascular outcome is the first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death or non-fatal MI or nonfatal stroke. Secondary outcomes include each component of the primary composite cardiovascular outcome, a composite clinical microvascular outcome comprising retinal or renal disease, hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure requiring hospitalization or an urgent hea...
This study examines in a cross-sectional study 'the tobacco control environment' includin... more This study examines in a cross-sectional study 'the tobacco control environment' including tobacco policy implementation and its association with quit ratio. 545 communities from 17 high-income, upper-middle, low-middle and low-income countries (HIC, UMIC, LMIC, LIC) involved in the Environmental Profile of a Community's Health (EPOCH) study from 2009 to 2014. Community audits and surveys of adults (35-70 years, n=12 953). Summary scores of tobacco policy implementation (cost and availability of cigarettes, tobacco advertising, antismoking signage), social unacceptability and knowledge were associated with quit ratios (former vs ever smokers) using multilevel logistic regression models. Average tobacco control policy score was greater in communities from HIC. Overall 56.1% (306/545) of communities had >2 outlets selling cigarettes and in 28.6% (154/539) there was access to cheap cigarettes (<5cents/cigarette) (3.2% (3/93) in HIC, 0% UMIC, 52.6% (90/171) LMIC and 40...
International journal for equity in health, Jan 8, 2016
Effective policies to control hypertension require an understanding of its distribution in the po... more Effective policies to control hypertension require an understanding of its distribution in the population and the barriers people face along the pathway from detection through to treatment and control. One key factor is household wealth, which may enable or limit a household's ability to access health care services and adequately control such a chronic condition. This study aims to describe the scale and patterns of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in 21 countries using baseline data from the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study. A cross-section of 163,397 adults aged 35 to 70 years were recruited from 661 urban and rural communities in selected low-, middle- and high-income countries (complete data for this analysis from 151,619 participants). Using blood pressure measurements, self-reported health and household data, concentration indices adjusted for age, sex and urban-rural location, we estimate the magnitude of we...
Several international guidelines recommend the consumption of two servings of fruits and three se... more Several international guidelines recommend the consumption of two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables per day, but their intake is thought to be low worldwide. We aimed to determine the extent to which such low intake is related to availability and affordability. We assessed fruit and vegetable consumption using data from country-specific, validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which enrolled participants from communities in 18 countries between Jan 1, 2003, and Dec 31, 2013. We documented household income data from participants in these communities; we also recorded the diversity and non-sale prices of fruits and vegetables from grocery stores and market places between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2013. We determined the cost of fruits and vegetables relative to income per household member. Linear random effects models, adjusting for the clustering of households within communities, were used to...
Atrial fibrillation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but scant data ar... more Atrial fibrillation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but scant data are available for long-term outcomes in individuals outside North America or Europe, especially in primary care settings. We did a cohort study using a prospective registry of patients in 47 countries who presented to a hospital emergency department with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter as a primary or secondary diagnosis. 15 400 individuals were enrolled to determine the occurrence of death and strokes (the primary outcomes) in this cohort over eight geographical regions (North America, western Europe, and Australia; South America; eastern Europe; the Middle East and Mediterranean crescent; sub-Saharan Africa; India; China; and southeast Asia) 1 year after attending the emergency department. Patients from North America, western Europe, and Australia were used as the reference population, and compared with patients from the other seven regions FINDINGS: Between Dec 24, 2007, and Oct 21, 2011, we enrolled 15 400 individuals to the registry. Follow-up was complete for 15 361 (99·7%), of whom 1758 (11%) died within 1 year. Fewer deaths occurred among patients presenting to the emergency department with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation compared with patients who had atrial fibrillation as a secondary diagnosis (377 [6%] of 6825 patients vs 1381 [16%] of 8536, p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). Twice as many patients had died by 1 year in South America (192 [17%] of 1132) and Africa (225 [20%] of 1137) compared with North America, western Europe, and Australia (366 [10%] of 3800, p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). Heart failure was the most common cause of death (519 [30%] of 1758); stroke caused 148 (8%) deaths. 604 (4%) of 15361 patients had had a stroke by 1 year; 170 (3%) of 6825 for whom atrial fibrillation was a primary diagnosis and 434 (5%) of 8536 for whom it was a secondary diagnosis (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0·0001). The highest number of strokes occurred in patients in Africa (89 [8%] of 1137), China (143 [7%] of 2023), and southeast Asia (88 [7%] of 1331) and the lowest occurred in India (20 [&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;1%] of 2536). 94 (3%) of 3800 patients in North America, western Europe, and Australia had a stroke. Marked unexplained inter-regional variations in the occurrence of stroke and mortality suggest that factors other than clinical variables might be important. Prevention of death from heart failure should be a major priority in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Boehringer Ingelheim.
... Dr. Carlos Cantú Professor do Programa de Doenças Cerebrovasculares da Universidad Nacional A... more ... Dr. Carlos Cantú Professor do Programa de Doenças Cerebrovasculares da Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Presidente do Conselho do ... Albert L Waldo MD The Walter H. Pritchard Professor de cardiologia e professor de medicina Case Western Reserve University ...
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income cou... more Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. We sought to quantify the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for stroke in different regions of the world, and in key populations and primary pathological subtypes of stroke. We completed a standardised international case-control study in 32 countries in Asia, America, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa. Cases were patients with acute first stroke (within 5 days of symptom onset and 72 h of hospital admission). Controls were hospital-based or community-based individuals with no history of stroke, and were matched with cases, recruited in a 1:1 ratio, for age and sex. All participants completed a clinical assessment and were requested to provide blood and urine samples. Odds ratios (OR) and their population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated, with 99% confidence intervals. Between Jan 11, 2007, and Aug 8, 2015, 26 919 participants were recruited f...
A Medicina Baseada em Evidências é um processo de aprendizado permanente. Este processo envolve: ... more A Medicina Baseada em Evidências é um processo de aprendizado permanente. Este processo envolve: 1. Converter necessidades de informação em questões focalizadas; 2. Localizar eficientemente a melhor evidência disponível para responder às questões formuladas; 3. Analisar criticamente a evidência, considerando a validade e a utilidade clínica; 4. Aplicar os resultados na prática clínica; 5. Avaliar o desempenho da aplicação da evidência na prática diária.
A aplicabilidade clínica diária de inovações e evidências científicas têm oferecido relevante mel... more A aplicabilidade clínica diária de inovações e evidências científicas têm oferecido relevante melhoria da morbidade e da mortalidade das mais distintas doenças, oferecendo também melhor expectativa em qualidade de vida. A disseminação de praáticas que não objetivam desfechos relevantes (mortalidade e qualidade de vida) trouxe o consequüente conceito de otimização de recursos mesmo que, em se tratando de saúde humana, a ética norteie primordialmente as decisões. Neste cenário, as discussões relativas à ética dos lucros de provedores de produtos e serviços em saúde, além da viabi-lidade de tratamentos e iniciativas na área de saúde pública, passaram a ocupar relevante espaço na prática clínica diária dos profissionais de saúde. A chamada farmacoeconomia e as análises econômicas aplicadas à saúde nada mais são do que a aplicação dos princípios da economia ao estudo dos medicamentos e às práticas de saúde, preconizando a otimização na utilização de recursos financeiros sem prejuízo à qualidade e aos desfechos de tratamento. Comumente três tipos de análise têm se constituído mais aplicáveis nesse cenário: as de custo-benefício, custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade.
Durante o processo de execução de estudos clínicos multicêntricos, na seleção de centros de pesqu... more Durante o processo de execução de estudos clínicos multicêntricos, na seleção de centros de pesquisa participantes, consideram-se aspectos fundamentais para a boa condução dos protocolos como o seguimento dos padrões nacionais e internacionais de boas práticas clínicas em pesquisa (BPCs), conhecimento e adequada execução das normatizações nacionais e internacionais de pesquisa, atendimento aos voluntários ou sujeitos de pesquisa a qualquer evento adverso, infra-estrutura adequada, envolvimento de equipe multiprofissional qualificada e especializada. A despeito de esses pré-requisitos serem essenciais para as BPCs, há que se considerar que os centros de pesquisa são sempre passíveis de treinamento e qualificação, de acordo com seu planejamento e envolvimento; no entanto, absolutamente fundamental é a garantia de que o recrutamento, inclusão de sujeitos e a manutenção da adesão desses pacientes no estudo serão efetivas. Neste ambiente, o conhecimento e desenvolvimento de estratégias de recrutamento e seguimento de sujeitos de pesquisa promovem melhor desempenho nas inclusões dos estudos e, conseqüentemente, constante interesse de coordenadores e patrocinadores pelo centro, e maior probabilidade de participação em futuros estudos nacionais e internacionais. Este artigo apresenta normatizações vigentes e sua influência sobre recrutamento de pacientes, bem como discutirá aspectos de impacto na participação de sujeitos de pesquisa em estudos clínicos.
As análises de subgrupos têm um apelo especial: parecem lógicas, intuitivas, promissoras e até me... more As análises de subgrupos têm um apelo especial: parecem lógicas, intuitivas, promissoras e até mesmo divertidas para investigadores e leitores, entretanto sua multiplicidade e ingenuidade combinadas podem propiciar graves erros de interpretação, condução e relato do estudo 1 .
Background Few data exist from a community-based perspective on the relative effectiveness of pri... more Background Few data exist from a community-based perspective on the relative effectiveness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as compared with thrombolytic therapy (TT) in elderly patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), particularly in the current era of coronary stents and newer antithrombotic agents.
ABSTRACT Stenting and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition are promising adjunctive therapies in PCI. The Globa... more ABSTRACT Stenting and GP IIb/IIIa inhibition are promising adjunctive therapies in PCI. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) is a registry of unselected patients with acute coronary syndromes, allowing for the study of treatments in a real-world environment. Data from GRACE patients with AMI who underwent PCI were analyzed. After adjusting for demographics, baseline characteristics, and previous medications, treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and a stent and treatment with a stent alone were significant predictors of survival at 6 months. Stents were used in 90.9% of patients. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 59.7%; in most cases they were started after the beginning of the procedure. The in-hospital death rate (7.6%) was highest in patients undergoing urgent PCI. Mortality at 6 months following PCI was 14.4% among patients who received neither GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors nor a stent, compared to patients who received both GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and a stent (7.3%), GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors alone (12.8%), or a stent alone (6.7%).
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