Charsianon

Charsianon (Vorlage:Lang-el) was the name of a Byzantine fortress and the corresponding theme (a military-civilian province) in the region of Cappadocia in central Anatolia (modern Turkey).

History

The fortress of Charsianon (Greek: Χαρσιανόν κάστρον, Charsianon kastron; Arabic: Qal'e-i Ḥarsanōs) is first mentioned in 638, during the first wave of the Muslim conquests, and was allegedly named after a general of Justinian I named Charsios. The Arabs first seized it in 730, and it remained a hotly contested stronghold during the next century of Byzantine–Arab warfare. In the early 9th century, the fortress became the center of a kleisoura, a separately administered fortified frontier district. Sometime between 863 and 873, it was raised to the status of a full theme, augmented by territory from the neighboring Bucellarian, Armeniac and Cappadocian themes. It ranked in the middle tier of themes, with its governing strategos receiving an annual salary of 20 pounds of gold and commanding, according to Arab sources, 4,000 men and four fortresses.

In the 10th century, the Theme of Charsianon (Greek: θέμα Χαρσιανόν) became a major stronghold of the landed military aristocracy, with the great clans of Argyros and Maleinos having their homes and estates there. After 1045, a large number of Armenians, including the former king Gagik II, were settled there, leading to friction with the local Greeks. The theme was lost to the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Gagik II is attested as the last doux of Charsianon in 1072–1073.

Sources

• Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (Hrsg.): The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom 1991, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 (google.com). 
• Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 4: The East. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, District of Columbia 2001, ISBN 0-88402-282-X (google.com). 

Further reading

• Warren T. Treadgold: Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1995, ISBN 0-8047-3163-2 (google.com).