Summary
We estimate the determinants of university patents by route in Spain. National patents are an indicator of R&D efforts when we focus on the region, but not of how regions organize their university or joint research structure. International patents are a stronger indicator of R&D efforts, so they express confidence in the potential of the patent. Neither set is an indicator of proximity to the region's competencies in technologies other than for production-intensive sectors, so they will not always foster regional technology transfer. Since the driving forces of national and international patents differ, the use of both is recommended.
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Azagra-Caro, J., Yegros-Yegros, A. & Archontakis, F. What do university patent routes indicate at regional level?. Scientometrics 66, 219–230 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0015-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0015-2