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Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior

Nature Genetics volume 42, pages 441–447 (2010)Cite this article

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Abstract

Consistent but indirect evidence has implicated genetic factors in smoking behavior1,2. We report meta-analyses of several smoking phenotypes within cohorts of the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium (n = 74,053). We also partnered with the European Network of Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE) and Oxford-GlaxoSmithKline (Ox-GSK) consortia to follow up the 15 most significant regions (n > 140,000). We identified three loci associated with number of cigarettes smoked per day. The strongest association was a synonymous 15q25 SNP in the nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA3 (rs1051730[A], β = 1.03, standard error (s.e.) = 0.053, P = 2.8 × 10−73). Two 10q25 SNPs (rs1329650[G], β = 0.367, s.e. = 0.059, P = 5.7 × 10−10; and rs1028936[A], β = 0.446, s.e. = 0.074, P = 1.3 × 10−9) and one 9q13 SNP in EGLN2 (rs3733829[G], β = 0.333, s.e. = 0.058, P = 1.0 × 10−8) also exceeded genome-wide significance for cigarettes per day. For smoking initiation, eight SNPs exceeded genome-wide significance, with the strongest association at a nonsynonymous SNP in BDNF on chromosome 11 (rs6265[C], odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.04–1.08, P = 1.8 × 10−8). One SNP located near DBH on chromosome 9 (rs3025343[G], OR = 1.12, 95% Cl 1.08–1.18, P = 3.6 × 10−8) was significantly associated with smoking cessation.

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Figure 1: Genome-wide association results for the TAG Consortium.
Figure 2: Forest and regional plots of significant associations for CPD from meta-analyses of the TAG, Ox-GSK and ENGAGE consortia.
Figure 3: Forest and regional plots of significant associations for smoking behavior.

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Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University Cancer Research Fund Award and by US National Cancer Institute K07 CA118412 to H.F. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (see URLs), which is supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003). Acknowledgments for studies included in TAG are listed in the Supplementary Note.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Helena Furberg, YunJung Kim, Jennifer Dackor, Karen L Mohlke & Patrick F Sullivan

  2. University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Helena Furberg, Karen L Mohlke & Patrick F Sullivan

  3. Human Genetics Center and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Eric Boerwinkle

  4. Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Nora Franceschini

  5. Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy

    Diego Ardissino

  6. Statistical Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Luisa Bernardinelli

  7. Department of Applied Health Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Luisa Bernardinelli

  8. Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Maggiore, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Pier M Mannucci

  9. Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy

    Francesco Mauri & Piera A Merlini

  10. HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

    Devin Absher

  11. Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Themistocles L Assimes, Joshua W Knowles & Thomas Quertermous

  12. Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Stephen P Fortmann

  13. Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA

    Carlos Iribarren

  14. National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Luigi Ferrucci

  15. Medstart Research Institute, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Toshiko Tanaka

  16. Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Joshua C Bis, Barbara McKnight, Bruce M Psaty, Evan L Thacker & Stephen M Schwartz

  17. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Joshua C Bis & Bruce M Psaty

  18. Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA

    Curt D Furberg

  19. Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Talin Haritunians & Kent D Taylor

  20. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Barbara McKnight

  21. Department of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Bruce M Psaty

  22. Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Bruce M Psaty

  23. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Evan L Thacker

  24. Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Peter Almgren, Leif Groop & Claes Ladenvall

  25. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Michael Boehnke, Anne U Jackson & Heather M Stringham

  26. Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto & Jaakko Kaprio

  27. Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  28. Finland South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland

    Jaakko Tuomilehto

  29. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Emelia J Benjamin & Ramachandran S Vasan

  30. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Emelia J Benjamin

  31. Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Shih-Jen Hwang & Sarah Rosner Preis

  32. Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel Levy & Ramachandran S Vasan

  33. Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, USA

    Jubao Duan, Pablo V Gejman & Alan R Sanders

  34. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

    Douglas F Levinson

  35. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jianxin Shi

  36. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France

    Esther H Lips, James D McKay & Paul Brennan

  37. Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain

    Antonio Agudo & Xavier Castellsagué

  38. General Hospital, Pordenone, Italy

    Luigi Barzan

  39. Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Vladimir Bencko & Ivana Holcátová

  40. Institut National de la santé et de la Recherche Medicalé (INSERM) U794, Paris, France

    Simone Benhamou

  41. Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

    Simone Benhamou

  42. Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Cristina Canova

  43. University of Glasgow Medical Faculty Dental School, Glasgow, UK

    David I Conway

  44. Specialized Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

    Eleonora Fabianova

  45. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic

    Lenka Foretova

  46. Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Vladimir Janout

  47. Trinity College School of Dental Science, Dublin, Ireland

    Claire M Healy

  48. Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway

    Kristina Kjaerheim

  49. University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

    Pagona Lagiou

  50. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Jolanta Lissowska

  51. University of Newcastle Dental School, Newcastle, UK

    Ray Lowry

  52. University of Aberdeen School of Medicine, Aberdeen, UK

    Tatiana V Macfarlane

  53. Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania

    Dana Mates

  54. Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Lorenzo Richiardi

  55. National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Rudnai

  56. Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

    Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska

  57. Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

    David Zaridze

  58. Croatian National Cancer Registry, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ariana Znaor

  59. Centre National de Genotypage, Institut Genomique, Comissariat à l'énergie Atomique, Evry, France

    Mark Lathrop

  60. Fondation Jean Dausset-Centre d'Étude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, France

    Mark Lathrop

  61. Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy

    Stefania Bandinelli

  62. Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, The University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Timothy M Frayling & John R B Perry

  63. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Jack M Guralnik

  64. Tuscany Health Regional Agency, Florence, Italy

    Yuri Milaneschi

  65. Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler & Sek Kathiresan

  66. Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  67. Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  68. Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler & Sek Kathiresan

  69. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  70. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David Altshuler

  71. Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica, Barcelona, Spain

    Roberto Elosua & Gavin Lucas

  72. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sek Kathiresan

  73. Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Olle Melander

  74. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA

    Christopher J O'Donnell

  75. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland

    Veikko Salomaa & Jaakko Kaprio

  76. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Benjamin F Voight

  77. EMGO Institute, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Nicole Vogelzangs

  78. Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Brenda W Penninx, Johannes H Smit & Nicole Vogelzangs

  79. Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Dorret I Boomsma, Eco J C de Geus, Jacqueline M Vink & Gonneke Willemsen

  80. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Stephen J Chanock

  81. Department of Epidemiology, Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Fangyi Gu, David J Hunter & Peter Kraft

  82. Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Susan E Hankinson

  83. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Albert Hofman, Henning Tiemeier, Andre G Uitterlinden, Cornelia M van Duijn & Stefan Walter

  84. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

  85. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Andre G Uitterlinden

  86. Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Cornelia M van Duijn

  87. Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Stefan Walter

  88. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Daniel I Chasman, Brendan M Everett, Guillaume Paré & Paul M Ridker

  89. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Brendan M Everett & Paul M Ridker

  90. Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Ming D Li

  91. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Hermine H Maes

  92. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Hermine H Maes

  93. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Janet Audrain-McGovern & Caryn Lerman

  94. Department of Functional Genomics, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  95. Department of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Danielle Posthuma

  96. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Laura M Thornton

  97. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Caryn Lerman

  98. Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

  99. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA

    Jed E Rose

  100. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

    John P A Ioannidis

  101. Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    John P A Ioannidis

  102. Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    John P A Ioannidis

  103. Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Dan-Yu Lin

Consortia

The Tobacco and Genetics Consortium

  • Helena Furberg
  • , YunJung Kim
  • , Jennifer Dackor
  • , Eric Boerwinkle
  • , Nora Franceschini
  • , Diego Ardissino
  • , Luisa Bernardinelli
  • , Pier M Mannucci
  • , Francesco Mauri
  • , Piera A Merlini
  • , Devin Absher
  • , Themistocles L Assimes
  • , Stephen P Fortmann
  • , Carlos Iribarren
  • , Joshua W Knowles
  • , Thomas Quertermous
  • , Luigi Ferrucci
  • , Toshiko Tanaka
  • , Joshua C Bis
  • , Curt D Furberg
  • , Talin Haritunians
  • , Barbara McKnight
  • , Bruce M Psaty
  • , Kent D Taylor
  • , Evan L Thacker
  • , Peter Almgren
  • , Leif Groop
  • , Claes Ladenvall
  • , Michael Boehnke
  • , Anne U Jackson
  • , Karen L Mohlke
  • , Heather M Stringham
  • , Jaakko Tuomilehto
  • , Emelia J Benjamin
  • , Shih-Jen Hwang
  • , Daniel Levy
  • , Sarah Rosner Preis
  • , Ramachandran S Vasan
  • , Jubao Duan
  • , Pablo V Gejman
  • , Douglas F Levinson
  • , Alan R Sanders
  • , Jianxin Shi
  • , Esther H Lips
  • , James D McKay
  • , Antonio Agudo
  • , Luigi Barzan
  • , Vladimir Bencko
  • , Simone Benhamou
  • , Xavier Castellsagué
  • , Cristina Canova
  • , David I Conway
  • , Eleonora Fabianova
  • , Lenka Foretova
  • , Vladimir Janout
  • , Claire M Healy
  • , Ivana Holcátová
  • , Kristina Kjaerheim
  • , Pagona Lagiou
  • , Jolanta Lissowska
  • , Ray Lowry
  • , Tatiana V Macfarlane
  • , Dana Mates
  • , Lorenzo Richiardi
  • , Peter Rudnai
  • , Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska
  • , David Zaridze
  • , Ariana Znaor
  • , Mark Lathrop
  • , Paul Brennan
  • , Stefania Bandinelli
  • , Timothy M Frayling
  • , Jack M Guralnik
  • , Yuri Milaneschi
  • , John R B Perry
  • , David Altshuler
  • , Roberto Elosua
  • , Sek Kathiresan
  • , Gavin Lucas
  • , Olle Melander
  • , Christopher J O'Donnell
  • , Veikko Salomaa
  • , Stephen M Schwartz
  • , Benjamin F Voight
  • , Brenda W Penninx
  • , Johannes H Smit
  • , Nicole Vogelzangs
  • , Dorret I Boomsma
  • , Eco J C de Geus
  • , Jacqueline M Vink
  • , Gonneke Willemsen
  • , Stephen J Chanock
  • , Fangyi Gu
  • , Susan E Hankinson
  • , David J Hunter
  • , Albert Hofman
  • , Henning Tiemeier
  • , Andre G Uitterlinden
  • , Cornelia M van Duijn
  • , Stefan Walter
  • , Daniel I Chasman
  • , Brendan M Everett
  • , Guillaume Paré
  • , Paul M Ridker
  • , Ming D Li
  • , Hermine H Maes
  • , Janet Audrain-McGovern
  • , Danielle Posthuma
  • , Laura M Thornton
  • , Caryn Lerman
  • , Jaakko Kaprio
  • , Jed E Rose
  • , John P A Ioannidis
  • , Peter Kraft
  • , Dan-Yu Lin
  •  & Patrick F Sullivan

Contributions

TAG: study conception, design, management: H.F., P.F.S., Y.K., J. Dackor; TAG Statistical Working Group: D.-Y.L., P.K., J.P.A.I., D.P., H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, S.P.F., N.F., E.H.L., J.D.M., J.M.V., D.I.B., D.L., B.M.E., E.L.T., B. McKnight, P.F.S., D. Absher; TAG Phenotype Working Group: C. Lerman, J.K., H.H.M., L.M.T., J.A.-M., E.H.L., J.E.R., M.D.L., J.M.V., H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, S.P.F., P.F.S., E.L.T.; data analysis: Y.K., D.M.A., F.G., E.H.L., J.D.M., J.M.V., A.U.J., L. Bernardinelli, S.R.P., S.-J.H., B.M.E., C. Ladenvall, J.R.B.P., T.T., E.L.T., J.C.B., G.L., S.W.; TAG Manuscript Writing Group: H.F., Y.K., J. Dackor, P.F.S., C. Lerman, M.D.L., J.K., J.A.-M., P.K. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding authors had access to the full data set of summary results contributed by each study.

ARIC: study conception, design, management: E.B.; phenotype collection, data management: N.F.; sample processing and genotyping: N.F.; data analysis: Y.K., N.F.

Atherosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Italian Study Group: study conception, design, management: L. Bernardinelli, P.M.M., P.A.M., D. Ardissino; phenotype collection, data management: F.M., L. Bernandinelli; data analysis: L. Bernandinelli.

ADVANCE: study conception, design, management: S.P.F., D. Absher, T.Q., C.I., T.L.A., J.W.K.; phenotype collection, data management: S.P.F., T.Q., C.I., T.L.A., J.W.K.; sample processing and genotyping: D. Absher, T.Q.; data analysis: S.P.F., D. Absher, T.L.A., J.W.K.

Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging: study conception, design, management: L. Ferrucci; phenotype collection, data management: L. Ferrucci; data analysis: T.T.

CHS: study conception, design, management: B.M.P., J.C.B., C.D.F.; phenotype collection, data management: B.M.P.; sample processing and genotyping: T.H., K.D.T.; data analysis: B.M.P., E.L.T., J.C.B., B. McKnight.

DGI: study conception, design, management: L.G.; phenotype collection, data management: P.A.; data analysis: P.A., C. Ladenvall.

FUSION: study conception, design, management: K.L.M., M.B.; phenotype collection, data management: H.M.S., J.T.; data analysis: H.M.S., A.U.J.

Framingham Heart Study: study conception, design, management: R.S.V., E.J.B., D.L.; phenotype collection, data management: S.R.P., R.S.V., S.-J.H., E.J.B., D.L.; data analysis: S.R.P., S.-J.H.

GAIN: study conception, design, management: D.F.L., P.V.G.; phenotype collection, data management: A.R.S., D.F.L., J. Duan, J.S., P.V.G.; sample processing and genotyping: J. Duan, P.V.G.; data analysis: A.R.S., D.F.L., J. Duan, J.S., P.V.G.

IARC/ARCAGE/Central European GWAS: phenotype collection, data management: D.Z., N.S.-D., J.L., P.R., E.F., D.M., V.B., L. Foretova, V.J., S. Benhamou, P.L., I.H., L.R., K.K., A.A., X.C., T.V.M., L. Barzan, C.C., R.L., D.I. Conway, A.Z., C.M.H., P.B.; sample processing and genotyping: J.D.M., M.L., P.B.; data analysis: E.H.L., J.D.M.

InCHIANTI: study conception, design, management: T.M.F., J.M.G., S. Bandinelli; phenotype collection, data management: Y.M.; data analysis: J.R.B.P.

MIGEN: study conception, design, management: R.E., V.S., O.M., C.J.O., D. Altshuler; phenotype collection, data management: G.L., S.M.S., R.E., V.S., B.F.V., O.M., S.K., C.J.O.; sample processing and genotyping: S.K., D. Altshuler; data analysis: G.L., B.F.V., D. Altshuler

NESDA: study conception, design, management: B.W.P., J.H.S.; phenotype collection, data management: B.W.P., J.H.S., N.V.; sample processing and genotyping: B.W.P., J.H.S.; data analysis: N.V.

NTR: study conception, design, management: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G.; phenotype collection, data management: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G., J.M.V.; sample processing and genotyping: D.I.B., G.W., E.J.C.d.G.; data analysis: J.M.V.

NHS: phenotype collection, data management: S.E.H., D.J.H., P.K., F.G.; sample processing and genotyping: S.J.C., S.E.H., D.J.H., P.K.; data analysis: S.J.C., F.G., P.K.

Rotterdam: study conception, design, management: A.H.; phenotype collection, data management: H.T., A.G.U.; sample processing and genotyping: H.T., A.G.U.; data analysis: H.T., A.G.U., S.W., C.M.v.D.

WGHS: study conception, design, management: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman, P.M.R.; phenotype collection, data management: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman, P.M.R.; sample processing and genotyping: G.P., D.I. Chasman; data analysis: B.M.E., G.P., D.I. Chasman.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Helena Furberg or Patrick F Sullivan.

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The author declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Tables 1–5, Supplementary Figures 1 and 2 and Supplementary Note (PDF 655 kb)

Supplementary Table 6

Association testing for CPD on chromosome 15, conditional on rs1051730 (XLS 46 kb)

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The Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet 42, 441–447 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.571

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