The goal of this paper is to explore how an embodied view can redirect our understanding of decis... more The goal of this paper is to explore how an embodied view can redirect our understanding of decision making. To achieve this goal, we contribute a developmental embodied choice perspective. Our perspective integrates embodiment and bounded rationality from a developmental view in which the body provides cues that are used in abstract choices. Hereby, the cues evolve with the body that is not static and changes through development. To demonstrate the body’s involvement in abstract choices, we will consider choices in numerical settings in which the body is not necessarily needed for the solution. For this, we consider the magnitude-judgment task in which one has to choose the larger of two magnitudes. In a nutshell, our perspective will pinpoint how the concept of embodied choices can explain the development of numerical choices.
In everyday life, before deciding what to do, one has to think about what could be done. We inves... more In everyday life, before deciding what to do, one has to think about what could be done. We investigate option generation from a developmental perspective, testing the predictions of the Take-The-First-heuristic (TTF). Moreover, we examine the influence of time limitation on decision-making processes. Using soccer as a testbed, 6to 13-year-old children (N = 97) were tested in a video-based option-generation paradigm. Children’s performance was aligned with predictions of TTF: Children generated a mean of 2.21 options, did so in a meaningful way and selected the first as final option in 74%. With shorter time, children generated fewer and higher quality options, selected better options and more often the first option as final decision. Further, with age, an increase of the number of options generated and an increase in quality of the final decisions emerged. This age effect was more pronounced with shorter time. Implications for real-life decision-making are discussed.
<p>Participants were invited to answer the question: “Which one of these widgets is ahead?”... more <p>Participants were invited to answer the question: “Which one of these widgets is ahead?” (picture adapted from Boroditsky [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175192#pone.0175192.ref008" target="_blank">8</a>]) by naming a color. The answer “blue” (near) is congruent to an ego-moving reference frame, whereas the answer “brown” (far) is congruent to an object-moving reference frame.</p
Human motor skills are exceptional compared to other species, no less than their cognitive skills... more Human motor skills are exceptional compared to other species, no less than their cognitive skills. In this perspective paper, we suggest that “movement matters!,” implying that motor development is a crucial driving force of cognitive development, much more impactful than previously acknowledged. Thus, we argue that to fully understand and explain developmental changes, it is necessary to consider the interaction of motor and cognitive skills. We exemplify this argument by introducing the concept of “embodied planning,” which takes an embodied cognition perspective on planning development throughout childhood. From this integrated, comprehensive framework, we present a novel climbing paradigm as the ideal testbed to explore the development of embodied planning in childhood and across the lifespan. Finally, we outline future research directions and discuss practical applications of the work on developmental embodied planning for robotics, sports, and education.
Im Sport werden von verschiedenen Akteuren in verschiedenen Situationen Entscheidungen getroffen ... more Im Sport werden von verschiedenen Akteuren in verschiedenen Situationen Entscheidungen getroffen und Probleme gelost. In diesem Kapitel wird beschrieben wie Entscheidungs- und Problemloseprozesse theoretisch erklart werden, wie empirische Studien diese Phanomene und Effekte im Sport abbilden und zu welchen Ergebnissen sie kommen. Weiterhin wird dargestellt, inwiefern eine kognitionspsychologische Perspektive auf Entscheiden und Problemlosen im Sport gewinnbringend ist und auch ein sich lohnendes Forschungs- und Betatigungsfeld fur Sportwissenschaftlerinnen darstellt.
Abstract Most studies on sport officials ignore the variance of the data in terms of individual d... more Abstract Most studies on sport officials ignore the variance of the data in terms of individual differences. Here we highlight the need to focus on these differences in refereeing as the main point and goal of the current review. We argue that the study of individual differences is important for referee selection, development and performance evaluation. We present the available research on differences related to referee communication styles, types of interactions, and game management. We regard expertise and experience level as a key contributor to individual differences. Given the gap in research around the in-group variance, we discuss new directions for research and further recommendations for the field. We suggest that the areas in which more research and practice will inform our selection, training, and evaluation processes are communication and personal communication style, while having more flexibility in applying different refereeing styles to facilitate performance in different contexts.
In most of our daily activities and in team sports, we interact with other individuals and do not... more In most of our daily activities and in team sports, we interact with other individuals and do not act in isolation. Using a social variant of the standard two-choice Simon task, this study aims to test if competitive/cooperative processing modes (i.e., metacontrol states) change the degree of bodily self-other integration between two persons in joint action. In addition, and more exploratory the study tested if this effect depends on a shared group experience with the partner. Two participants shared a visual Simon task, so that each person basically performed complementary parts of the task, which transfers the paradigm into a go/no-go Simon task for each person. Before running this joint Simon task, we set both participants either in a competitive or a cooperative control state by means of a dyadic game, a manipulation aimed at testing possible goal transfer across tasks. We found significant joint Simon effects for participants who were in a competitive state and for participants...
The goal of this paper is to explore how an embodied view can redirect our understanding of decis... more The goal of this paper is to explore how an embodied view can redirect our understanding of decision making. To achieve this goal, we contribute a developmental embodied choice perspective. Our perspective integrates embodiment and bounded rationality from a developmental view in which the body provides cues that are used in abstract choices. Hereby, the cues evolve with the body that is not static and changes through development. To demonstrate the body’s involvement in abstract choices, we will consider choices in numerical settings in which the body is not necessarily needed for the solution. For this, we consider the magnitude-judgment task in which one has to choose the larger of two magnitudes. In a nutshell, our perspective will pinpoint how the concept of embodied choices can explain the development of numerical choices.
In everyday life, before deciding what to do, one has to think about what could be done. We inves... more In everyday life, before deciding what to do, one has to think about what could be done. We investigate option generation from a developmental perspective, testing the predictions of the Take-The-First-heuristic (TTF). Moreover, we examine the influence of time limitation on decision-making processes. Using soccer as a testbed, 6to 13-year-old children (N = 97) were tested in a video-based option-generation paradigm. Children’s performance was aligned with predictions of TTF: Children generated a mean of 2.21 options, did so in a meaningful way and selected the first as final option in 74%. With shorter time, children generated fewer and higher quality options, selected better options and more often the first option as final decision. Further, with age, an increase of the number of options generated and an increase in quality of the final decisions emerged. This age effect was more pronounced with shorter time. Implications for real-life decision-making are discussed.
<p>Participants were invited to answer the question: “Which one of these widgets is ahead?”... more <p>Participants were invited to answer the question: “Which one of these widgets is ahead?” (picture adapted from Boroditsky [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0175192#pone.0175192.ref008" target="_blank">8</a>]) by naming a color. The answer “blue” (near) is congruent to an ego-moving reference frame, whereas the answer “brown” (far) is congruent to an object-moving reference frame.</p
Human motor skills are exceptional compared to other species, no less than their cognitive skills... more Human motor skills are exceptional compared to other species, no less than their cognitive skills. In this perspective paper, we suggest that “movement matters!,” implying that motor development is a crucial driving force of cognitive development, much more impactful than previously acknowledged. Thus, we argue that to fully understand and explain developmental changes, it is necessary to consider the interaction of motor and cognitive skills. We exemplify this argument by introducing the concept of “embodied planning,” which takes an embodied cognition perspective on planning development throughout childhood. From this integrated, comprehensive framework, we present a novel climbing paradigm as the ideal testbed to explore the development of embodied planning in childhood and across the lifespan. Finally, we outline future research directions and discuss practical applications of the work on developmental embodied planning for robotics, sports, and education.
Im Sport werden von verschiedenen Akteuren in verschiedenen Situationen Entscheidungen getroffen ... more Im Sport werden von verschiedenen Akteuren in verschiedenen Situationen Entscheidungen getroffen und Probleme gelost. In diesem Kapitel wird beschrieben wie Entscheidungs- und Problemloseprozesse theoretisch erklart werden, wie empirische Studien diese Phanomene und Effekte im Sport abbilden und zu welchen Ergebnissen sie kommen. Weiterhin wird dargestellt, inwiefern eine kognitionspsychologische Perspektive auf Entscheiden und Problemlosen im Sport gewinnbringend ist und auch ein sich lohnendes Forschungs- und Betatigungsfeld fur Sportwissenschaftlerinnen darstellt.
Abstract Most studies on sport officials ignore the variance of the data in terms of individual d... more Abstract Most studies on sport officials ignore the variance of the data in terms of individual differences. Here we highlight the need to focus on these differences in refereeing as the main point and goal of the current review. We argue that the study of individual differences is important for referee selection, development and performance evaluation. We present the available research on differences related to referee communication styles, types of interactions, and game management. We regard expertise and experience level as a key contributor to individual differences. Given the gap in research around the in-group variance, we discuss new directions for research and further recommendations for the field. We suggest that the areas in which more research and practice will inform our selection, training, and evaluation processes are communication and personal communication style, while having more flexibility in applying different refereeing styles to facilitate performance in different contexts.
In most of our daily activities and in team sports, we interact with other individuals and do not... more In most of our daily activities and in team sports, we interact with other individuals and do not act in isolation. Using a social variant of the standard two-choice Simon task, this study aims to test if competitive/cooperative processing modes (i.e., metacontrol states) change the degree of bodily self-other integration between two persons in joint action. In addition, and more exploratory the study tested if this effect depends on a shared group experience with the partner. Two participants shared a visual Simon task, so that each person basically performed complementary parts of the task, which transfers the paradigm into a go/no-go Simon task for each person. Before running this joint Simon task, we set both participants either in a competitive or a cooperative control state by means of a dyadic game, a manipulation aimed at testing possible goal transfer across tasks. We found significant joint Simon effects for participants who were in a competitive state and for participants...
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Papers by Markus Raab