The golden crab (Chaceon fenneri) supports a small, economically healthy fishery in south Florida... more The golden crab (Chaceon fenneri) supports a small, economically healthy fishery in south Florida. Crabbers in the fishery have successfully protected themselves against larger outside fishing interests in the past, and management has been stable for over 15 years. Why, then, did a portion of the fleet propose shifting to individual transferable quotas (ITQs)? Our findings suggest that proponents sought ITQ management because they believed it would further limit the ability of other crabbers to enter the fishery and act as a mechanism to legally preserve the informal and formal property rights that they have previously negotiated among themselves. Opponents believed that a shift to an ITQ regime would destroy those same property rights. We explore the implications of these findings to a broader understanding of property rights and natural resource management institutions, noting that the currently existing system closely resembles a territorial use rights fishery (TURF).
We use individual transferable quota (ITQ) consolidation in New
Zealand’s commercial fishing to ... more We use individual transferable quota (ITQ) consolidation in New
Zealand’s commercial fishing to illustrate three different methods of measuring consolidation: the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), conditional Gini Coefficients, and conditional Lorenz curves. The Lorenz curve allows for conditional specification over stratified groupings, which yields straightforward interpretation and illustration of overall inequality for more nuanced interpretations.
Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create,... more Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create, has
grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human
interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and
Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question “What is the role of trust in an individual’s decision to participate
in natural resource management institutions?” Using data from a survey of constituents of the
commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted “U” relationship between trust and
participation. We suggest that this may be described as a “Goldilocks solution” in which having both
too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is “just right.” Theoretical and policy
implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored.
Market-based approaches to environmental
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable qu... more Market-based approaches to environmental
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas)
are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many
environmental problems. Globally, one of the most wellestablished
forms of this approach is individual transferable
quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the
natural resource management community, there is considerable
debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing
industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously
imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has
expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-
Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges
(LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and
conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to
introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and
how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated,
it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and
economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After
briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the
case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived
ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources
and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation
and aggregation has occurred, including surveys
of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of
academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications,
and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This
analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent
debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings
suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn
from the experiences of other countries related to key
issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability,
cost recovery, and resource sustainability when
designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important
to explicitly identify economic and social objectives
and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these
objectives.
This article uses a longitudinal survey (1999–2005) of commercial stakeholder organizations (CSOs... more This article uses a longitudinal survey (1999–2005) of commercial stakeholder organizations (CSOs) to assess the development,
strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s fisheries co-management over its first six years. After presenting the current characteristics and activities of CSOs, the institutional analysis and development (IAD) Framework is used to examine the regime. Results show a pattern of strengths and weaknesses with some areas substantially improved since earlier waves of the survey, while other areas have experienced surprising setbacks. These results suggest that in 2005 the regime remained fragile. Finally, New Zealand’s recent move towards inshore ‘‘Shared Fisheries’’ management is explored in light of these findings.
Within fisheries and natural resource management literature, there is considerable discussion abo... more Within fisheries and natural resource management literature, there is considerable discussion about the key roles that property rights can play in building biologically and socially sustainable resource
management regimes. A key point of agreement is that secure long-term property rights provide an incentive for resource users to manage the resource sustainably. However, property rights mismatches create ambiguity and conflict in resource use. Though the term mismatches is usually associated with problems in matching temporal and spatial resource characteristics with institutional characteristics, I expand it here to include problems that can arise when property rights are incompletely defined or incompletely distributed. Property rights mismatches are particularly likely to occur over marine resources, for which multiple types of resource and resource user can be engaged and managed under a variety of regulatory regimes. I used New Zealand’s marine resources to examine the causes and consequences of these property rights mismatches. New Zealand is particularly interesting because its property-rights-based commercial fishing regime, in the form of individual transferable quotas, has attracted considerable positive attention. However,
my review of the marine natural resource management regime from a broader property rights perspective highlights a series of problems caused by property rights mismatches, including competition for resources among commercial, customary, and recreational fishers; spatial conflict among many marine resource
users; and conflicting incentives and objectives for the management of resources over time. The use of a property rights perspective also highlights some potential solutions such as the layering of institutional arrangements and the improvement of how property rights are defined to encourage long-term sustainability.
The article reports on the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company, in Nelson, New Zealand, which ... more The article reports on the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company, in Nelson, New Zealand, which manages commercial southern scallop fishery on the South Island of New Zealand along with the Ministry of Fisheries. The article describes the development of the company and the Challenger Scallop Quota Holder Association, which was formed soon after. Also discussed is the current management of the Southern Scallop Fishery including the development of a draft management plan. Included is a map of the Southern Scallop Fishery in New Zealand.
Co-management, in which government and resource users share responsibility for managing a natural... more Co-management, in which government and resource users share responsibility for managing a natural resource, is attracting considerable attention in both public policy and common pool resource research. However, little is understood about how this approach arises in a mature regulatory setting, or about its strengths and weaknesses. This study uses the experience of the New Zealand rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii and Sagmariasus
verreauxi) industry to illustrate what co-management is and how it develops. This is followed by an assessment of co-management in this regime. Development of co-management is an evolutionary process that requires commitment from both government and industry. Strengthened property rights and management expertise provide the incentives and tools to develop a robust co-management regime. However the characteristics of the property
rights bundle must be carefully matched to the regime’s biological, social, and regulatory setting.
This article examines the development of a co-management approach in New Zealand where the govern... more This article examines the development of a co-management approach in New Zealand where the government is devolving certain
management responsibilities to Commercial Stakeholder Organizations (CSOs). In 1999 and 2001, a mail survey was used to gather
data on the characteristics of CSOs, as well as the attitudes, and expectations of CSO leaders. Results are examined using Ostrom’s
design principles for long-lived institutions. The results suggest that CSOs are experiencing mixed success in developing institutions
that will be resilient to long-term challenges. Successes are identified and recommendations for the further development of this
management approach are offered.
Privatizing the Commons... Twelve Years Later: Fishers' Experiences with New Zealand&... more Privatizing the Commons... Twelve Years Later: Fishers' Experiences with New Zealand's Market-Based Fisheries Management Tracy Yandle and Christopher M. Dewees Introduction Among common-pool resource (CPR) issues, fisheries management receives ...
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 2000
This study assesses the extent to which state governments have adopted environmental dispute reso... more This study assesses the extent to which state governments have adopted environmental dispute resolution (EDR) techniques, processes, and programs. Funded by the Hewlett Foundation, the study draws on insights gleaned from original interviews with state environmental and dispute resolution officials, analyses of archival materials, and analyses of state laws. It builds on the work emanating from the government performance project at Syracuse University, environmental rankings of states generated by Lester, and the diffusion of innovation literature. After developing a standardized rating of states' EDR programs, this study explains why some states successfully adopt EDR techniques while other choose not to adopt them or adopt them with limited success. Results suggest that states' management ability, overall capacity, and environmental commitment all have some influence, but could not solely explain the decision. Instead, the innovation variable change agents (and to a more limited extent geographic clustering and elite ideology), combined with management, institutional capacity, and environmental commitment, provide important explanations as to why states decide to adopt EDR programs.
The purpose of this study is to examine the claims that poor and nonwhite communities host a disp... more The purpose of this study is to examine the claims that poor and nonwhite communities host a disproportionately large number of waste disposal facilities because these communities received less protection against waste disposal facilities than wealthier and predominantly white communities. Methods. This is a statistical study of the demographic characteristics of communities surrounding hazardous waste sites in metropolitan texas. It compares ethnic and economic characteristics of these communities both at "time of siting" and during the 1990 Census. These results are statistically tested using chi-square and Cramer's V. Results. At "time of siting" there were statistically significant positive relationships between siting, poverty, and a predominantly white host population. For 1990 data poverty remained significant, but rice did not, indicating a shifting ethnic composition. Low population density is proposed as an alternative explanation. Conclusions. These results emphasize the need for research on the historical characteristics of the communities surrounding locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) and the changes that occur in host communities after siting. By gaining an understanding of these broader issues, we will be better able to address the social, economic, and environmental issues associated with environmental justice
The golden crab (Chaceon fenneri) supports a small, economically healthy fishery in south Florida... more The golden crab (Chaceon fenneri) supports a small, economically healthy fishery in south Florida. Crabbers in the fishery have successfully protected themselves against larger outside fishing interests in the past, and management has been stable for over 15 years. Why, then, did a portion of the fleet propose shifting to individual transferable quotas (ITQs)? Our findings suggest that proponents sought ITQ management because they believed it would further limit the ability of other crabbers to enter the fishery and act as a mechanism to legally preserve the informal and formal property rights that they have previously negotiated among themselves. Opponents believed that a shift to an ITQ regime would destroy those same property rights. We explore the implications of these findings to a broader understanding of property rights and natural resource management institutions, noting that the currently existing system closely resembles a territorial use rights fishery (TURF).
We use individual transferable quota (ITQ) consolidation in New
Zealand’s commercial fishing to ... more We use individual transferable quota (ITQ) consolidation in New
Zealand’s commercial fishing to illustrate three different methods of measuring consolidation: the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), conditional Gini Coefficients, and conditional Lorenz curves. The Lorenz curve allows for conditional specification over stratified groupings, which yields straightforward interpretation and illustration of overall inequality for more nuanced interpretations.
Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create,... more Our understanding of the role natural resource users, and the governing institutions they create, has
grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human
interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and
Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question “What is the role of trust in an individual’s decision to participate
in natural resource management institutions?” Using data from a survey of constituents of the
commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted “U” relationship between trust and
participation. We suggest that this may be described as a “Goldilocks solution” in which having both
too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is “just right.” Theoretical and policy
implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored.
Market-based approaches to environmental
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable qu... more Market-based approaches to environmental
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas)
are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many
environmental problems. Globally, one of the most wellestablished
forms of this approach is individual transferable
quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the
natural resource management community, there is considerable
debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing
industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously
imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has
expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-
Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges
(LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and
conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to
introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and
how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated,
it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and
economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After
briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the
case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived
ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources
and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation
and aggregation has occurred, including surveys
of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of
academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications,
and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This
analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent
debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings
suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn
from the experiences of other countries related to key
issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability,
cost recovery, and resource sustainability when
designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important
to explicitly identify economic and social objectives
and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these
objectives.
This article uses a longitudinal survey (1999–2005) of commercial stakeholder organizations (CSOs... more This article uses a longitudinal survey (1999–2005) of commercial stakeholder organizations (CSOs) to assess the development,
strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s fisheries co-management over its first six years. After presenting the current characteristics and activities of CSOs, the institutional analysis and development (IAD) Framework is used to examine the regime. Results show a pattern of strengths and weaknesses with some areas substantially improved since earlier waves of the survey, while other areas have experienced surprising setbacks. These results suggest that in 2005 the regime remained fragile. Finally, New Zealand’s recent move towards inshore ‘‘Shared Fisheries’’ management is explored in light of these findings.
Within fisheries and natural resource management literature, there is considerable discussion abo... more Within fisheries and natural resource management literature, there is considerable discussion about the key roles that property rights can play in building biologically and socially sustainable resource
management regimes. A key point of agreement is that secure long-term property rights provide an incentive for resource users to manage the resource sustainably. However, property rights mismatches create ambiguity and conflict in resource use. Though the term mismatches is usually associated with problems in matching temporal and spatial resource characteristics with institutional characteristics, I expand it here to include problems that can arise when property rights are incompletely defined or incompletely distributed. Property rights mismatches are particularly likely to occur over marine resources, for which multiple types of resource and resource user can be engaged and managed under a variety of regulatory regimes. I used New Zealand’s marine resources to examine the causes and consequences of these property rights mismatches. New Zealand is particularly interesting because its property-rights-based commercial fishing regime, in the form of individual transferable quotas, has attracted considerable positive attention. However,
my review of the marine natural resource management regime from a broader property rights perspective highlights a series of problems caused by property rights mismatches, including competition for resources among commercial, customary, and recreational fishers; spatial conflict among many marine resource
users; and conflicting incentives and objectives for the management of resources over time. The use of a property rights perspective also highlights some potential solutions such as the layering of institutional arrangements and the improvement of how property rights are defined to encourage long-term sustainability.
The article reports on the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company, in Nelson, New Zealand, which ... more The article reports on the Challenger Scallop Enhancement Company, in Nelson, New Zealand, which manages commercial southern scallop fishery on the South Island of New Zealand along with the Ministry of Fisheries. The article describes the development of the company and the Challenger Scallop Quota Holder Association, which was formed soon after. Also discussed is the current management of the Southern Scallop Fishery including the development of a draft management plan. Included is a map of the Southern Scallop Fishery in New Zealand.
Co-management, in which government and resource users share responsibility for managing a natural... more Co-management, in which government and resource users share responsibility for managing a natural resource, is attracting considerable attention in both public policy and common pool resource research. However, little is understood about how this approach arises in a mature regulatory setting, or about its strengths and weaknesses. This study uses the experience of the New Zealand rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii and Sagmariasus
verreauxi) industry to illustrate what co-management is and how it develops. This is followed by an assessment of co-management in this regime. Development of co-management is an evolutionary process that requires commitment from both government and industry. Strengthened property rights and management expertise provide the incentives and tools to develop a robust co-management regime. However the characteristics of the property
rights bundle must be carefully matched to the regime’s biological, social, and regulatory setting.
This article examines the development of a co-management approach in New Zealand where the govern... more This article examines the development of a co-management approach in New Zealand where the government is devolving certain
management responsibilities to Commercial Stakeholder Organizations (CSOs). In 1999 and 2001, a mail survey was used to gather
data on the characteristics of CSOs, as well as the attitudes, and expectations of CSO leaders. Results are examined using Ostrom’s
design principles for long-lived institutions. The results suggest that CSOs are experiencing mixed success in developing institutions
that will be resilient to long-term challenges. Successes are identified and recommendations for the further development of this
management approach are offered.
Privatizing the Commons... Twelve Years Later: Fishers' Experiences with New Zealand&... more Privatizing the Commons... Twelve Years Later: Fishers' Experiences with New Zealand's Market-Based Fisheries Management Tracy Yandle and Christopher M. Dewees Introduction Among common-pool resource (CPR) issues, fisheries management receives ...
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 2000
This study assesses the extent to which state governments have adopted environmental dispute reso... more This study assesses the extent to which state governments have adopted environmental dispute resolution (EDR) techniques, processes, and programs. Funded by the Hewlett Foundation, the study draws on insights gleaned from original interviews with state environmental and dispute resolution officials, analyses of archival materials, and analyses of state laws. It builds on the work emanating from the government performance project at Syracuse University, environmental rankings of states generated by Lester, and the diffusion of innovation literature. After developing a standardized rating of states' EDR programs, this study explains why some states successfully adopt EDR techniques while other choose not to adopt them or adopt them with limited success. Results suggest that states' management ability, overall capacity, and environmental commitment all have some influence, but could not solely explain the decision. Instead, the innovation variable change agents (and to a more limited extent geographic clustering and elite ideology), combined with management, institutional capacity, and environmental commitment, provide important explanations as to why states decide to adopt EDR programs.
The purpose of this study is to examine the claims that poor and nonwhite communities host a disp... more The purpose of this study is to examine the claims that poor and nonwhite communities host a disproportionately large number of waste disposal facilities because these communities received less protection against waste disposal facilities than wealthier and predominantly white communities. Methods. This is a statistical study of the demographic characteristics of communities surrounding hazardous waste sites in metropolitan texas. It compares ethnic and economic characteristics of these communities both at "time of siting" and during the 1990 Census. These results are statistically tested using chi-square and Cramer's V. Results. At "time of siting" there were statistically significant positive relationships between siting, poverty, and a predominantly white host population. For 1990 data poverty remained significant, but rice did not, indicating a shifting ethnic composition. Low population density is proposed as an alternative explanation. Conclusions. These results emphasize the need for research on the historical characteristics of the communities surrounding locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) and the changes that occur in host communities after siting. By gaining an understanding of these broader issues, we will be better able to address the social, economic, and environmental issues associated with environmental justice
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Papers by Tracy Yandle
Zealand’s commercial fishing to illustrate three different methods of measuring consolidation: the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), conditional Gini Coefficients, and conditional Lorenz curves. The Lorenz curve allows for conditional specification over stratified groupings, which yields straightforward interpretation and illustration of overall inequality for more nuanced interpretations.
grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human
interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and
Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question “What is the role of trust in an individual’s decision to participate
in natural resource management institutions?” Using data from a survey of constituents of the
commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted “U” relationship between trust and
participation. We suggest that this may be described as a “Goldilocks solution” in which having both
too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is “just right.” Theoretical and policy
implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored.
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas)
are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many
environmental problems. Globally, one of the most wellestablished
forms of this approach is individual transferable
quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the
natural resource management community, there is considerable
debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing
industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously
imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has
expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-
Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges
(LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and
conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to
introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and
how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated,
it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and
economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After
briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the
case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived
ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources
and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation
and aggregation has occurred, including surveys
of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of
academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications,
and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This
analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent
debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings
suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn
from the experiences of other countries related to key
issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability,
cost recovery, and resource sustainability when
designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important
to explicitly identify economic and social objectives
and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these
objectives.
strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s fisheries co-management over its first six years. After presenting the current characteristics and activities of CSOs, the institutional analysis and development (IAD) Framework is used to examine the regime. Results show a pattern of strengths and weaknesses with some areas substantially improved since earlier waves of the survey, while other areas have experienced surprising setbacks. These results suggest that in 2005 the regime remained fragile. Finally, New Zealand’s recent move towards inshore ‘‘Shared Fisheries’’ management is explored in light of these findings.
management regimes. A key point of agreement is that secure long-term property rights provide an incentive for resource users to manage the resource sustainably. However, property rights mismatches create ambiguity and conflict in resource use. Though the term mismatches is usually associated with problems in matching temporal and spatial resource characteristics with institutional characteristics, I expand it here to include problems that can arise when property rights are incompletely defined or incompletely distributed. Property rights mismatches are particularly likely to occur over marine resources, for which multiple types of resource and resource user can be engaged and managed under a variety of regulatory regimes. I used New Zealand’s marine resources to examine the causes and consequences of these property rights mismatches. New Zealand is particularly interesting because its property-rights-based commercial fishing regime, in the form of individual transferable quotas, has attracted considerable positive attention. However,
my review of the marine natural resource management regime from a broader property rights perspective highlights a series of problems caused by property rights mismatches, including competition for resources among commercial, customary, and recreational fishers; spatial conflict among many marine resource
users; and conflicting incentives and objectives for the management of resources over time. The use of a property rights perspective also highlights some potential solutions such as the layering of institutional arrangements and the improvement of how property rights are defined to encourage long-term sustainability.
verreauxi) industry to illustrate what co-management is and how it develops. This is followed by an assessment of co-management in this regime. Development of co-management is an evolutionary process that requires commitment from both government and industry. Strengthened property rights and management expertise provide the incentives and tools to develop a robust co-management regime. However the characteristics of the property
rights bundle must be carefully matched to the regime’s biological, social, and regulatory setting.
management responsibilities to Commercial Stakeholder Organizations (CSOs). In 1999 and 2001, a mail survey was used to gather
data on the characteristics of CSOs, as well as the attitudes, and expectations of CSO leaders. Results are examined using Ostrom’s
design principles for long-lived institutions. The results suggest that CSOs are experiencing mixed success in developing institutions
that will be resilient to long-term challenges. Successes are identified and recommendations for the further development of this
management approach are offered.
Zealand’s commercial fishing to illustrate three different methods of measuring consolidation: the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), conditional Gini Coefficients, and conditional Lorenz curves. The Lorenz curve allows for conditional specification over stratified groupings, which yields straightforward interpretation and illustration of overall inequality for more nuanced interpretations.
grown considerably in recent years. At the same time, our understanding of the role of trust in human
interactions continues to grow. We use the case of New Zealand rock lobster (jasus edwardsii and
Jasus verrauxi) to ask the question “What is the role of trust in an individual’s decision to participate
in natural resource management institutions?” Using data from a survey of constituents of the
commercial rock lobster fishery, our analysis shows an inverted “U” relationship between trust and
participation. We suggest that this may be described as a “Goldilocks solution” in which having both
too much and too little trust is problematic; but a healthy level of is “just right.” Theoretical and policy
implications of these findings and directions for future research are explored.
regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas)
are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many
environmental problems. Globally, one of the most wellestablished
forms of this approach is individual transferable
quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the
natural resource management community, there is considerable
debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing
industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously
imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has
expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-
Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges
(LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and
conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to
introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and
how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated,
it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and
economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After
briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the
case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived
ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources
and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation
and aggregation has occurred, including surveys
of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of
academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications,
and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This
analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent
debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings
suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn
from the experiences of other countries related to key
issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability,
cost recovery, and resource sustainability when
designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important
to explicitly identify economic and social objectives
and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these
objectives.
strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s fisheries co-management over its first six years. After presenting the current characteristics and activities of CSOs, the institutional analysis and development (IAD) Framework is used to examine the regime. Results show a pattern of strengths and weaknesses with some areas substantially improved since earlier waves of the survey, while other areas have experienced surprising setbacks. These results suggest that in 2005 the regime remained fragile. Finally, New Zealand’s recent move towards inshore ‘‘Shared Fisheries’’ management is explored in light of these findings.
management regimes. A key point of agreement is that secure long-term property rights provide an incentive for resource users to manage the resource sustainably. However, property rights mismatches create ambiguity and conflict in resource use. Though the term mismatches is usually associated with problems in matching temporal and spatial resource characteristics with institutional characteristics, I expand it here to include problems that can arise when property rights are incompletely defined or incompletely distributed. Property rights mismatches are particularly likely to occur over marine resources, for which multiple types of resource and resource user can be engaged and managed under a variety of regulatory regimes. I used New Zealand’s marine resources to examine the causes and consequences of these property rights mismatches. New Zealand is particularly interesting because its property-rights-based commercial fishing regime, in the form of individual transferable quotas, has attracted considerable positive attention. However,
my review of the marine natural resource management regime from a broader property rights perspective highlights a series of problems caused by property rights mismatches, including competition for resources among commercial, customary, and recreational fishers; spatial conflict among many marine resource
users; and conflicting incentives and objectives for the management of resources over time. The use of a property rights perspective also highlights some potential solutions such as the layering of institutional arrangements and the improvement of how property rights are defined to encourage long-term sustainability.
verreauxi) industry to illustrate what co-management is and how it develops. This is followed by an assessment of co-management in this regime. Development of co-management is an evolutionary process that requires commitment from both government and industry. Strengthened property rights and management expertise provide the incentives and tools to develop a robust co-management regime. However the characteristics of the property
rights bundle must be carefully matched to the regime’s biological, social, and regulatory setting.
management responsibilities to Commercial Stakeholder Organizations (CSOs). In 1999 and 2001, a mail survey was used to gather
data on the characteristics of CSOs, as well as the attitudes, and expectations of CSO leaders. Results are examined using Ostrom’s
design principles for long-lived institutions. The results suggest that CSOs are experiencing mixed success in developing institutions
that will be resilient to long-term challenges. Successes are identified and recommendations for the further development of this
management approach are offered.