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The unit was inducted into federal service on 16 January 1941. The 181st Infantry conducted training at [[Camp Edwards]] and took part in the [[Carolina Maneuvers]] from 28 September to 6 December 1941.
With the United States entry into World War II, the 181st was relieved from the 26th Division and assigned to the [[Eastern Defense Command]] (EDC) on 27 January 1942. (The 181st Infantry was replaced as part of the 26th Division by the [[328th Infantry Regiment (United States)|328th Infantry Regiment]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Egger|first=Bruce|title=G Company's War: Two Personal Accounts of the Campaigns in Europe, 1944–1945|year=1998|publisher=University of Alabama}}</ref> The 211th Field Artillery Battalion ([[105 mm Howitzer M2|105 mm howitzers]]) was attached to form a [[regimental combat team]]. The 181st Infantry was assigned to the EDC conducting coastal patrols from Higgins Beach, Maine to Watch Hill, RI to prevent the landing of German agents from U-Boats. From May 1942 through November 1943 the 3rd Battalion HQ with companies I and M were posted at the [[South Hingham Camp]], along with B company, [[132nd Engineer Battalion|132nd Combat Engineer Battalion]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Massachusetts - South Hingham Camp|url=http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ma.html#hing|publisher=
The 328th Infantry regiment fought across Europe with the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division. Technical Sergeant [[Alfred L. Wilson]] was posthumously presented with the Medal of Honor for lifesaving care conducted under fire.<ref>{{cite book|last=McKinney|first=Carolyn|title=The Gentle Giant of the 26th Division|year=1994|publisher=Headline Books|location=Terra Alta, WV}}</ref>
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