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{{Short description|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{other people|Ahmad Pasha}}{{Expand Turkish|date=October 2024}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Gazi]]
| name = Ahmed Muhtar
| honorific-suffix = [[Pasha]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nickname = ''The Victorious''
| office1 = [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]]
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| successor4 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1839|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bursa]], [[Hüdavendigâr
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|1|21|1839|11|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
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| unit =
| commands = [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|Second Army Corps]]
| battles = [[Crimean War]]<br />[[Battle of Cetate]]<br />[[Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78)|Herzegovina Uprising]]<br />[[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)]]<br />[[Battle of Kızıl Tepe]]
| mawards = [[File:Ribbon bar of the Ottoman Imtyaz medal.svg|25px|link=Imtiyaz Medal]] [[File:Order of the Medjidie lenta.png|25px|link=Order of the Medjidie]] [[File:Order of the Osmanie lenta.png|25px|link=Order of Osmanieh]] [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|25px|link=Order of St Michael and St George]]
}}
'''Ahmed Muhtar Pasha''' also spelled Ahmed Mihtar Pasha ({{lang-ota|احمد مختار پاشا}};‎ 1 November 1839 – 21 January 1919) was a prominent [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[field marshal]] and [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]], who served in the [[Crimean War|Crimean]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish]] wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as Grand Vizier in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero.▼
▲'''Ahmed Muhtar Pasha''' ({{lang-ota|احمد مختار پاشا}};‎ 1 November 1839 – 21 January 1919) was a prominent [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[field marshal]] and [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]], who served in the [[Crimean War|Crimean]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish]] wars.
==Biography==
[[File:Ahmetmuhtar.jpg|thumb|115px|Ahmet Muhtar Pasha, 1910s]]▼
===Early life and military career===
Ahmed Muhtar was born on 1 November 1839 to a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] family in [[Bursa]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref name = turkbook>İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)</ref> and was educated in the [[Ottoman Military College]] in [[Istanbul]]. His father was merchant Halil Efendi. He eventually became professor and then governor of the school.
In 1856, he served as an [[adjutant]] during the [[Crimean War]]. In 1862, he was a staff officer in the disastrous [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegrin]] campaign. Between 1870 and 1871, he quelled rebellions in [[Yemen]]. He gained the titles of [[Pasha]] and Marshal and, in 1873, was made commander of the [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|Second Army Corps]], holding the position until 1876. During the [[Herzegovina Uprising (
In 1879, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed the commander of the Ottoman Empire's frontier with [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], before being sent in 1885 to serve as the Ottoman High Commissioner in [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]].
===Later life and premiership ("Great Cabinet")===
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire|Grand Vizier]] in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero. His premiership was a result of the [[Savior Officers]] ({{lang-tr|Halâskâr Zâbitân}}) forcing the dissolution of the previous [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) government under Grand Vizier [[Mehmed Said Pasha]]. The Savior Officers were partisans of the opposition [[Freedom and Accord Party]] (also known as the Liberal Union or Entente) who felt cheated after the infamous 1912 elections, known as the "Election of Clubs" ({{lang-tr|links=no|Sopalı Seçimler}}), in which the CUP had employed electoral fraud and violence to gain 269 of the 275 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang-tr|links=no|Meclis-i Mebusan}}, the popularly elected lower house of the national [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|General Assembly]]) while leaving only 6 to the opposition.
The non-party, independent [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|year=1961|location=[[Ankara]]|author-link=Bernard Lewis|title-link=The Emergence of Modern Turkey}}</ref> formed by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was known as the "Great Cabinet" ({{lang-tr|links=no|Büyuk Kabine}}) because it included three former Grand Viziers as ministers and sometimes as the "Father-Son Cabinet" ({{lang-tr|links=no|Baba-Oğul Kabinesi}}) because it included Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's son, [[Mahmud Muhtar Pasha]], as Minister of the Navy.{{sfn|Dumont|Georgeon|Tanilli|1997|p=56}} Because the Great Cabinet did not include any members of the CUP, rumors began to spread that the government would dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, which was dominated by CUP after the fraudulent 1912 elections.{{sfn|Kuran|1945|p=284}} A few days after Ahmed Muhtar Pasha took office, the Savior Officers sent a letter of threat to the President of the Chamber of Deputies (and CUP member), [[Halil Menteşe|Halil Bey]], demanding that the Chamber be dissolved for new elections within 48 hours.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arar|first=İsmail|title=Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi Reisi Halil Menteşe'nin Anıları|trans-title=Memoirs of Halil Menteşe, President of the Chamber of Deputies|year=1986|publisher=Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınları|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ5pAAAAMAAJ&q=tehdit+mektubu|language=tr}}</ref> The CUP members in the Chamber condemned and censured this threat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meclis-i Mebusan Zabıt Ceridesi - Kırkyedinci İnikad|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/TUTANAK/MECMEB/mmbd02ic01c002/mmbd02ic01c002ink047.pdf|publisher=[[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]|access-date=7 April 2013|location=[[Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)]]|language=tr}}</ref> However, thanks to a law he had passed through the [[Senate of the Ottoman Empire|Senate]], Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was able, with the sultan's support, to [[dissolution of parliament|dissolve the Chamber]] with ease on 5 August.
After the dissolution of the Chamber, the [[First Balkan War]] erupted early in October 1912, catching Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's administration off-guard. [[Martial law]] was declared, and Ahmed Muhtar Pasha resigned as Grand Vizier on 29 October after just four months in the premier's office.
===Death===
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha died in [[Istanbul]] on 21 January 1919 at the age of 79. His son [[Mahmud Muhtar Pasha]] was also a high-ranking commander in the [[Ottoman Army]] and the Minister of the [[Ottoman Navy|Navy]] in Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's own government. After the proclamation of the [[Republic of Turkey|Turkish Republic]], the Turkish government published a postage stamp with his image to honor his legacy.<ref>[http://i.colnect.net/f/2577/061/Gazi-Ahmet-Muhtar-Pa%C5%9Fa-1839-1918-commander.jpg Postage stamp featuring Ahmed Muhtar Pasha] Retrieved 11 March 2022</ref>
==
* [[1912 Ottoman general election]]
* [[List of Ottoman grand viziers]]
==
===Notes===
{{
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last1=Dumont|first1=Paul|last2=Georgeon|first2=Gregoire François|author-link2 = François Georgeon |last3=Tanilli|first3=Server|title=Bir İmparatorluğun Ölümü: 1908–1923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAvwmQEACAAJ|access-date=27 July 2014|year=1997|publisher=Cumhuriyet Yayınları|location=[[Istanbul]]|language=tr|author3-link=Server Tanilli}}
* {{cite book|last=Kuran|first=Ahmed Bedevî|title=İnkılâp Tarihimiz ve Jön Türkler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m2RBvCCvUIC|year=1945|publisher=Tan Matbaası}}
== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Aydüz | first = Salim | title=Aḥmad Mukhtār: Ghāzī Aḥmad Mukhtār Pasha | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 18 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ahmad_Mukhtar_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ahmad_Mukhtar_BEA.pdf PDF version])
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[[Category:Ottoman Army generals]]
[[Category:Pashas]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]]
[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Crimean War]]
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[[Category:Ottoman people of the Balkan Wars]]
[[Category:20th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Astronomers
[[Category:19th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:20th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Burials at Fatih Mosque Graveyard, Istanbul]]
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