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Line 1: {{Short description\|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1912)}} ~~{{Redirect\|Muhtar Pasha\|his son\|Mahmud Muhtar Pasha}}~~ {{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}} ~~{{other people\|Ahmad Pasha}}~~ {{other people\|Ahmad Pasha}}{{Expand Turkish\|date=October 2024}}{{More citations needed\|date=October 2010}} {{Infobox officeholder \| honorific-prefix = [[Gazi]] \| name = Ahmed Muhtar \| honorific-suffix = [[Pasha]] \| image = ~~Ahmetmuhtar~~Mukhtar Pasha.jpg \| imagesize = ~~135px~~ \| caption = \| nickname = ''The Victorious'' Line 35: \| successor4 = \| birth_date = {{birth date\|1839\|11\|1\|df=yes}} \| birth_place = [[Bursa]], [[Hüdavendigâr ~~Vilayet~~Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] \| death_date = {{death date and age\|1919\|1\|21\|1839\|11\|1\|df=yes}} \| death_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]] Line 59: \| unit = \| commands = [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)\|Second Army Corps]] \| battles = [[Crimean War]]<br />[[Battle of Cetate]]<br />[[Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78)\|Herzegovina Uprising]]<br />[[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)]]<br />[[Battle of Kızıl Tepe]] \| mawards = [[File:Ribbon bar of the Ottoman Imtyaz medal.svg\|25px\|link=Imtiyaz Medal]] [[File:Order of the Medjidie lenta.png\|25px\|link=Order of the Medjidie]] [[File:Order of the Osmanie lenta.png\|25px\|link=Order of Osmanieh]] [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg\|25px\|link=Order of St Michael and St George]] }} '''Ahmed Muhtar Pasha''' also spelled Ahmed Mihtar Pasha ({{lang-ota\|احمد مختار پاشا}};&lrm; 1 November 1839 – 21 January 1919) was a prominent [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] [[field marshal]] and [[Grand vizier\|Grand Vizier]], who served in the [[Crimean War\|Crimean]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)\|Russo-Turkish]] wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as [[Grand Vizier ~~of the Ottoman Empire\|Grand Vizier]]~~ in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero.▼ ▲'''Ahmed Muhtar Pasha''' ({{lang-ota\|احمد مختار پاشا}};&lrm; 1 November 1839 – 21 January 1919) was a prominent [[Ottoman Empire\|Ottoman]] [[field marshal]] and [[Grand vizier\|Grand Vizier]], who served in the [[Crimean War\|Crimean]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)\|Russo-Turkish]] wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire\|Grand Vizier]] in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero. ==Biography== Line 69 ⟶ 68: Ahmed Muhtar was born on 1 November 1839 to a [[Turkish people\|Turkish]] family in [[Bursa]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref name = turkbook>İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971 (Turkish)</ref> and was educated in the [[Ottoman Military College]] in [[Istanbul]]. His father was merchant Halil Efendi. He eventually became professor and then governor of the school. In 1856, he served as an [[adjutant]] during the [[Crimean War]]. In 1862, he was a staff officer in the disastrous [[Principality of Montenegro\|Montenegrin]] campaign. Between 1870 and 1871, he quelled rebellions in [[Yemen]]. He gained the titles of [[Pasha]] and Marshal and, in 1873, was made commander of the [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)\|Second Army Corps]], holding the position until 1876. During the [[Herzegovina Uprising (~~1875-1878~~1875–1878)\|1875 uprisings in Bosnia and Herzegovina]], he assumed control of the ~~Turkish~~Ottoman forces there. On the outbreak of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878]], he was sent to take charge of operations in [[Erzurum Province\|Erzurum]]. Although the [[Russian Empire\|Russians]] ultimately defeated the Ottomans in the war, Muhtar's victories against them in the eastern front won him the title ''[[Gazi]]'' ("The Victorious"). In 1879, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed the commander of the Ottoman Empire's frontier with [[Kingdom of Greece\|Greece]], before being sent in 1885 to serve as the Ottoman High Commissioner in [[Khedivate of Egypt\|Egypt]]. ===Later life and premiership ("Great Cabinet")=== [[File:Ahmetmuhtar.jpg\|135px\|thumb\|Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, 1910s]] Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire\|Grand Vizier]] in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero. His premiership was a result of the [[Savior Officers]] ({{lang-tr\|Halâskâr Zâbitân}}) forcing the dissolution of the previous [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) government under Grand Vizier [[Mehmed Said Pasha]]. The Savior Officers were partisans of the opposition [[Freedom and Accord Party]] (also known as the Liberal Union or Entente) who felt cheated after the infamous 1912 elections, known as the "Election of Clubs" ({{lang-tr\|links=no\|Sopalı Seçimler}}), in which the CUP had employed electoral fraud and violence to gain 269 of the 275 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)\|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang-tr\|links=no\|Meclis-i Mebusan}}, the popularly elected lower house of the national [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire\|General Assembly]]) while leaving only 6 to the opposition. Line 81: ===Death=== Ahmed Muhtar Pasha died in [[Istanbul]] on 21 January 1919 at the age of 79. His son [[Mahmud Muhtar Pasha]] was also a high-ranking commander in the [[Ottoman Army]] and the Minister of the [[Ottoman Navy\|Navy]] in Ahmed Muhtar Pasha's own government. After the proclamation of the [[Republic of Turkey\|Turkish Republic]], the Turkish government published a postage stamp with his image to honor his legacy.<ref>[http://i.colnect.net/f/2577/061/Gazi-Ahmet-Muhtar-Pa%C5%9Fa-1839-1918-commander.jpg Postage stamp featuring Ahmed Muhtar Pasha] Retrieved 11 March 2022</ref> == See also == * [[Savior Officers]] * [[1912 Ottoman general election]] * [[List of Ottoman grand viziers]] == References == ===Notes=== {{~~reflist~~Reflist}} ===Sources=== * {{cite book\|last1=Dumont\|first1=Paul\|last2=Georgeon\|first2=Gregoire François\|author-link2 = François Georgeon \|last3=Tanilli\|first3=Server\|title=Bir İmparatorluğun Ölümü: 1908–1923\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAvwmQEACAAJ\|access-date=27 July 2014\|year=1997\|publisher=Cumhuriyet Yayınları\|location=[[Istanbul]]\|language=tr\|author3-link=Server Tanilli}} * {{cite book\|last=Kuran\|first=Ahmed Bedevî\|title=İnkılâp Tarihimiz ve Jön Türkler\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m2RBvCCvUIC\|year=1945\|publisher=Tan Matbaası}} == External links == {{commons category-inline}} ~~{{commonscatinline}}~~ * {{cite encyclopedia \| editor = Thomas Hockey \| last = Aydüz \| first = Salim \| title=Aḥmad Mukhtār: Ghāzī Aḥmad Mukhtār Pasha \| encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers \| publisher = Springer \| year = 2007 \| location = New York \| page = 18 \| url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ahmad_Mukhtar_BEA.htm \| isbn=978-0-387-31022-0\|display-editors=etal}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ahmad_Mukhtar_BEA.pdf PDF version]) Line 118 ⟶ 116: [[Category:Ottoman Army generals]] [[Category:Pashas]] [[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] [[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Crimean War]] Line 125 ⟶ 124: [[Category:Ottoman people of the Balkan Wars]] [[Category:20th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Astronomers offrom the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:19th-century astronomers]] [[Category:20th-century astronomers]] [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Burials at Fatih Mosque Graveyard, Istanbul]]