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[[Alphonse, Count of Poitiers]], who ruled Provence in the name of his wife [[Joan, Countess of Toulouse|Joan of Toulouse]], from 1249 until his death in 1271, was a vigorous persecutor of the Jews. In 1269 he issued an order for a general persecution of the Jews in his domains.<ref>Loeb, p. 39.</ref> In his Last Will and Testament, he left the Comtat Venaissin to the papacy, and though the rest of his Will was quashed, that one provision was allowed. In 1274, therefore, [[Pope Gregory X]] became the ruler of the Comtat, and in 1275 a new bishop of Carpentras was appointed, following the death of Bishop de Barjols. The political climate had changed. On 19 July 1275, the Papal Chamberlain and Provost of Marseille, Berenguer de Séguret, was appointed sole judge in cases concerning the Jews, to the exclusion of all other magistrates.<ref>Collier, p. 20. Bardinet (1880), p. 9.</ref> On 28 February 1276, shortly after the [[Comtat Venaissin]] became the property of the popes, the Jews of Carpentras entered into an agreement with the Bishop of Carpentras, Pierre Rostaing, in which they agreed to become his vassals in exchange for his protection. They agreed as well to pay to him and his successors a series of specified taxes, but the Bishop agreed not to impose any other additional taxes on them, to guard their property, and to protect them from violence and injustice. The document was signed by sixty-four heads of families.<ref>Loeb, pp. 40-46. The details of the provisions are listed by S. Kahn, p. 589 column 2.</ref> Carpentras thus became, along with Avignon, Cavaillon, and L'Isle-sur-Sorgue, one of the recognized cities of refuge from antisemitic persecution in the Comtat Venaissin.
In 1320, a different Pope, [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (Jacques Duèse), agreed to defend the Jews of the Comtat from the murderous onslaught of the marauding bands of antisemitic shepherds, the [[Pastoureux]].<ref>Malcolm Barber, "The Pastoureaux of 1320," ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' Volume 32 (2) (April 1981), pp. 143-166.</ref> Papal protection was not, however, without a price. In a bull of 12 April 1320 that same pope revoked the agreement between the bishops of Carpentras and their Jewish community, as he took the temporal power over Carpentras which had belonged to the bishops. The Pope was now the overlord of the Jews. And in 1322 he expelled the Jews and turned their synagogue into a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This situation lasted for twenty years, until a new Pope, [[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]] revoked John XXII's expulsion order, and granted permission in 1343 for the rebuilding of the synagogue of Carpentras. The synagogue was completed in 1367, and rebuilt in 1741; it was repaired in 1784 and 1899.<ref>Loeb, pp. 46-48. S. Kahn, p. 589 column 2.</ref> In 1403 [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Pope Benedict XIII]] claimed all of the taxes which the Jews had formerly paid to the bishops.
===Avignon Popes and Carpentras===
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