Atheistic existentialism: Difference between revisions

▲'''Atheistic existentialism''' is a kind of [[existentialism]] which strongly diverged from the [[Christian existentialism|Christian existential]] works of [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and developed within the context of an [[Atheism|atheistic]] worldview.<ref>http://atheism.about.com/od/typesofexistentialism/a/christian.htm</ref> The philosophies of [[philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard|Søren Kierkegaard]] and [[philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche|Friedrich Nietzsche]] provided existentialism's theoretical foundation in the 19th century, although their differing views on religion proved essential to the development of alternate types of existentialism. Atheistic existentialism was formally recognized after the 1943 publication of ''[[Being and Nothingness]]'' by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], and Sartre later explicitly alluded to it in ''[[Existentialism is a Humanism]]'' in 1946.

▲Atheistic existentialism refers to the exclusion of any [[Transcendentalism|transcendental]], [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], or religious beliefs from philosophical existentialist thought (e.g. anguish or rebellion in light of human finitude and limitations). Nevertheless, it shares elements with [[Christian existentialism|religious existentialism]] (e.g. the [[Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard]]) and with metaphysical existentialism (e.g. through [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] and the works of [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]]). Atheistic existentialism confronts [[Terror management theory|death anxiety]] without appealing to a hope of somehow being saved by a [[God]], and often without any appeal to alternate forms of [[supernatural]] salvation such as [[reincarnation]]. For some thinkers, existential malaise is mostly theoretical (as it is with [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]]) while others are quite affected by existential anguish (e.g. [[Albert Camus|Camus]] and his discussion of the [[Absurdism|Absurd]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] who articulated the [[will to power]]).

▲[[Jean-Paul Sartre]] is a well-known French philosopher who was concerned with human authenticity and individuality. His novel [[Nausea (novel)|''Nausea'']] is, in some ways, a [[manifesto]] of atheistic existentialism. It deals with a dejected researcher (Antoine Roquentin) in an anonymous French town, where Roquentin becomes conscious of the fact that nature, as well as every inanimate object, are indifferent towards him and his tormented existence. The existential angst experienced by the protagonist allows him to eventually understand that meaning exists only when he creates it for himself. Sartre once said "existence precedes essence". What he meant was that, first of all, man exists (e.g. appears on the scene) and only afterwards defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is also only what he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence.{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} Sartre wrote other works in the spirit of atheistic existentialism (e.g. the short stories in his 1939 collection ''[[The Wall (book)|The Wall]]'').

▲[[Albert Camus]] writes of dualisms, between happiness and sadness, as well as life and death. In ''[[The Myth of Sisyphus|Le Mythe de Sisyphe (''The Myth of Sisyphus'')]]'', such dualism becomes paradoxical, because humans greatly value their existence while at the same time being aware of their [[Death|mortality]]. Camus believes it is human nature to have difficulty reconciling these paradoxes, and indeed, he believed humankind must accept what he called "the [[Absurdism|Absurd]]". On the other hand, Camus is not strictly an existential atheist because the acceptance of "the Absurd" implies neither the existence of God nor the nonexistence of God (compare [[Agnosticism]]).

▲Considered one of the founding fathers of Existentialism, German philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] was a critic of Christian theology.<ref>Wicks, Robert. "Friedrich Nietzsche", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</ref> Arguing that morality itself is a human construct, as opposed to the laws of nature which are inherently morally-neutral, Nietzsche divided morality into two types: herd morality and master morality.<ref>Wildman, Wesley. "Profound Atheism: Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)," Boston University</ref> It is this first type, herd morality, which he associates with religion, specifically, with Christianity. <ref>Wildman, Wesley. "Profound Atheism: Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)," Boston University</ref> In his book, [[The Gay Science]], Nietzsche utters his famous statement, "[[God is dead]]," which refers to his belief that morality can no longer be reasonably dictated by religion.<ref>Samual, Adrian. "Nietzsche and God (Part 1)," Richmond Journal of Philosophy (Spring 2007 Edition)</ref> It is for this reason that many associate Nietzsche's philosophy with [[nihilism]] <ref>Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism," The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>. By contrast, others claim his assertion that nothing exists beyond this life merely requires us to rethink the tenets of morality, not to throw the concept of morality itself out the window. Indeed, they argue that while Nietzsche believed humanity was on track toward nihilism, he was not directly advocating it as the direction in which we should head. <ref>Michels, Steven. "Nietzsche, Nihilism, and the Virtue of Nature", Dogma: Revue de Philosophie et de Sciences Humaines (Oct. 2004)</ref>

▲{{Div col||20em}}

▲* [[Christian existentialism]]

▲* [[Existence precedes essence]]

▲* [[Existentialist anarchism]]

▲* [[Existential nihilism]]

▲* [[Jewish existentialism]]

▲* [[Meaning (existential)]]

▲{{Div col end}}