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{{Short description|Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Sultan Misr wa al-
| image =
| alt =
| alt = Gold coin minted under Baybars, with an Arabic inscription and an image of a panther or lion below it▼
| caption = A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars:<ref name="AF"/> enthroned ruler and attendants in the [[Baptistère de Saint Louis]] (1320–1340).<ref name="AF">{{cite journal |last1=Fuess |first1=Albrecht |title=Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008) |date=2018 |page=76, 84, Fig. 5 |doi=10.6082/M100007Z |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1148/files/MSR_XII-2_2008-Fuess-pp71-94.pdf |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=12 |issue=2}}</ref>
| succession = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]]
| predecessor = [[Saif ad-Din Qutuz]]
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| reign = 24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277
| coronation = 1260 at [[Salihiyya Madrasa|Salihiyah]]
<!-- | othertitles
| spouse = Iltutmish Khatun
| issue = {{unbulletedlist|[[Al-Said Barakah]]|[[Solamish]]|Khizir|Tidhkarbay Khatun|}}
| house = Zahiri
| dynasty = [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]]
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'''Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari''' ({{
The reign of Baybars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the [[Crusader states|Crusader]] presence in the [[Levant]] and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of [[Makuria]], which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.
[[Al-Sha'rani]] (d. 973/1565) counted him among [[Ibn 'Arabi]]'s students.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpzODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|title=محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية|trans-title=Muhyi al-Din ibn 'Arabi and his jurisprudential opinions in al-Futuhāt al-Makkiyya|author=Nader Jamil Jum'a|location=[[Lebanon]]|publisher=[[w:de:Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya|Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya]]|via=[[Google Books]]|language=Arabic|edition=1st|date=2020|page=86|isbn=9782745192783|quote=الظاهر بيبرس: ركن الدين أبو الفتوح بيبرس التركي البندقداري ثم الصالحي صاحب مصر والشام ولد في حدود العشرين وستمائة كان رجلاً شجاعاً فارساً مقداماً مجاهداً عظيم الهيبة يضرب بشجاعته المثل، وله في الإسلام أيام بيض وفتوحات مشهورة. أجازه الشيخ محيي الدين ابن عربي برواية جميع مؤلفاته توفي 676 هـ، ذكره الشعراني ضمن تلاميذ ابن عربي.}}</ref>▼
▲==Name & personal info ==
In his native [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]], Baybars' name means "great panther"<ref name="Watenpaugh2004">{{cite book |author= Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh |title= The image of an Ottoman city: imperial architecture and urban experience in Aleppo in the 16th and 17th centuries |page=198 |publisher= Brill |year=2004 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=utQo4ek-7BIC&pg=PA198 |isbn=90-04-12454-3}}</ref> or "lord panther"<ref name="Williams">{{cite book |author= Caroline Williams |title= Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide; New Revised Edition |page=185 |publisher= The American University in Cairo Press |year=2008 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmc4HSC5XWgC&pg=PA185 |isbn= 9789774162053}}</ref> (see also Wiktionary: ''[[wikt:bay#Turkish|bay]]'' "rich person, noble" + ''[[wikt:pars#Turkish|pars]]'' "leopard, panther").
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Possibly based on the Turkic meaning of his name, Baybars used the panther as his heraldic [[blazon]], and placed it on both coins and buildings.<ref name="Watenpaugh2004"/> The lion/panther used on the [[Jisr Jindas|bridge built by Baybars]] near al-Ludd (today's [[Lod]]) plays with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baybars' Crusader enemies.<ref name="Christie">{{cite book |author= Niall Christie |title= Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources |page=121, Plate 8 |publisher= Routledge |edition=first |year=2014 |series= Seminar Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd_pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |isbn=9781138022744}}</ref>
Baybars was described as a tall man with [[olive skin]] and [[blue eyes]]. He had broad shoulders, slim legs, and a powerful voice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartlett |first1=W. B. |title=The Fall of Christendom: The Road to Acre 1291 |
== Biography ==
▲[[Al-Sha'rani]] (d. 973/1565) counted him among [[Ibn 'Arabi]]'s students.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nader Jamil Jum'a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpzODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |title=محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية
=== Rise to power ===
[[File:EdwardICrusadeMap.jpg|thumb|The Mamluks under Baybars (yellow) fought off the Franks and the Mongols during the [[Ninth Crusade]].]]
In 1250, he supported the defeat of the [[Seventh Crusade]] of [[Louis IX of France]] in two major battles.
In 1254, a power shift occurred in Egypt, as [[Aybak]] killed [[Faris ad-Din Aktai]], the leader of the Bahri Mamluks. Some of his Mamluks, among them Baybars and [[Qalawun|Qalawun al-Alfi]], fled to [[an-Nasir Yusuf]] in [[Syria]],{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=326}} persuading him to break the accord{{Clarify|reason=Which accord?|date=September 2023}} and invade Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of the danger of these Mamluks who took refuge in Syria, and agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the coast, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused to expel them and instead returned to them the domains which Aybak had granted. In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent new forces to the Egyptian border, this time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, and Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. In 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks left Damascus to [[Jerusalem]], where they deposed its governor Kütük and plundered its markets, then they did the same in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Later on, they fought against the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at [[Nablus]], then fled to join the forces of {{ill|al-Mughith Umar|de|al-Mughīth ʿUmar}} in [[Kerak]].{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=331}} The combined forces tried in vain to invade Egypt during the reign of Aybak.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=332}}
Baybars then sent 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to discuss with [[Qutuz]] his return to Egypt, which was eagerly accepted.{{sfn|Humphreys|1977|p=348}} He was still a commander under sultan Qutuz at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baybars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of [[Aleppo]] for his military success, but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give him the post.<ref>The story of the involvement of Baybars in the assassination was told by different historians in different ways. In one account the assassins killed Qutuz while he was giving a hand to Baybars (Al-Maqrizi and Ibn-Taghri). In another, from an Ayyubid source, Qutuz was giving a hand to someone when Baybars struck his back with a sword (Abu-Al-Fida). A third account mentioned that Baybars tried to help Qutuz against the assassins (O. Hassan). According to Al-Maqrizi, the Emirs who struck Qutuz were Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Ons, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1)</ref> Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.<ref>MacHenry, Robert. ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993. [https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency <!--
=== Becoming Sultan ===
Soon after Baybars had ascended to the Sultanate, his authority was confirmed without any serious resistance, except from [[Sinjar al-Halabi|Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi]], another Mamluk [[amir]] who was popular and powerful enough to claim [[Damascus]]. Also, the threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to be considered as a threat to Baybars' authority. However, Baybars first chose to deal with Sinjar,<ref name="History of the Arab world and the Crusades">{{cite book |last1=al-Madidi |first1=Khasd |last2=Abdul Muhammad |first2=Sawadi |last3=Abdul Qadir an-Nuri |first3=Duraid |title=History of the Arab world and the Crusades |publisher=Mosul University Press 1981 |url=https://app.aqsalibrary.org/records/index/1/35668 |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Maqrīzī (al-)|first= Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī| title= Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk|editor-last= Ziada (al-Ziyādah)|editor-first= Muḥammad Muṣṭafā|volume=2|place= Cairo|publisher= Lajnat al-Ta'līf|year=1956|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="كتاب المختصر في أخبار البشر (تاريخ أبي الفدا) ج1">{{cite book |last1=. ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. Shāhanshāh b. Ayyūb b. Shādī b. Marwān |first1=Ismāʿīl Abulfeda |title=Concise History of Humanity(المختصر في أخبار Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar) |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/4/4b/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B11.pdf |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref> and marched on Damascus. At the same time the princes of [[Hama]] and [[Homs]] proved able to defeat the Mongols in the [[First Battle of Homs]], which lifted the Mongol threat for a while. On 17 January 1261,
There was also a brief rebellion in Cairo led by a leading figure of the Shiite named [[al-Kurani]]. Al-Kurani is said originated from Nishapur.<ref name="History of the Arab world and the Crusades" /> Al-Kurani and his follower are recorded to have attacked the weapon stores and stables of Cairo during a night raid.
After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar,
After the [[Abbasid caliphate]] in Iraq was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they conquered and [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|sacked Baghdad]], the Muslim world lacked a [[caliph]], a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office to endow distant Muslim rulers with legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the last Abbasid caliph [[al-Musta'sim]], arrived in Cairo in 1261,
==== Campaign against the Crusaders ====
{{Further| Siege of Antioch (1268)}}
▲
As sultan,
In the same year,
Later, in 1266,
This isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince [[Bohemond VI]]. After successfully conquering Cilicila,
Then he continued to [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]], which belonged to Guy, the son of John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to
==== Alliance with Golden Horde ====
Baybars actively pursued a close relationship with [[Berke]], the Khan of Golden Horde.<ref name="The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith">{{cite book |author1=Thomas Walker Arnold |author-link= Thomas Walker Arnold |title=The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith |date=1896 |publisher=A. Constable and Company; Harvard University |url=https://
In some time around October to November 1267, or about 666 Safar of [[Hijra year]],
====Continued campaign against Crusaders====
{{Further| Fall of Krak des Chevaliers}}
On 30 March 1271, after
====Campaign against Makuria====
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[[File:King David of Makuria (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|Possible depiction of king [[David of Makuria]] on a wallpainting from [[Old Dongola]]]]
In 1265 a Mamluk army allegedly raided Makuria as far south as Dongola{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=117, note 16}} while also expanding southwards along the African Red Sea coast, thus threatening the Nubians.{{sfn|Gazda|2005|p=93}} In 1272 king [[David of Makuria|David]] marched east and attacked the port town of [[Aidhab]],{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=118}} located on an important [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] route to [[Mecca]]. The Nubian army destroyed the town, causing “a blow to the very heart of Islam”.{{sfn|Gazda|2005|p=95}}
==== Further campaign against Ilkhanate ====
In 1277,
The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced
=== Death ===
[[File:Ancient City of Damascus-107601 (retouched).jpg|thumb|200px|Mausoleum chamber of sultan [[
| last = Young
| first = Robyn
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==Family==
Sultan
One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.<ref name="yigit">{{cite journal | last=Akkuş Yiğit | first=Fatma | title=Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme | journal=Journal of International Social Research | publisher=The Journal of International Social Research | volume=9 | issue=43 | date=20 April 2016 | url = https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/a-study-on-monogamy-and-polygamy-in-mamluk-palace.pdf | issn=1307-9581 | doi=10.17719/jisr.20164317631 | page=557}}</ref> Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.<ref name="yigit"/> Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.<ref name="yigit"/> Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun.<ref name="karam">{{cite web | last=Karam | first=Amina | title=Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo | website=AUC DAR Home | date=22 May 2019 | url=http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | access-date=22 December 2021 | pages=20, 21 | archive-date=18 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218152406/http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the daughter of
==Legacy==
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[[File:تمثال للسلطان الظاهر بيبرس.JPG|thumb|Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the [[Egyptian National Military Museum]]]]
As the first Sultan of the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] Mamluk [[dynasty]],
{{
===Military legacy===
===Culture and science===
{{Further|Islam and cats}}
He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from [[Cairo]] to [[Damascus]] in four days.
His memoirs were recorded in ''[[Sirat al-Zahir Baibars]]'' ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular [[Arabic Romance Literature|Arabic romance]] recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in [[Kazakhstan]], as well as in [[Egypt]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].
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*[[Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars]]
*[[Sirat al-Zahir Baibars]]
*[[Sayyidah Zainab District]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
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* {{citation |last=Humphreys |first=R. Stephen |title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1977 |place=Albany, New York |isbn=0-87395-263-4 }}
* {{citation |last1=Folda |first1=Jaroslav |author-link1=Jaroslav Folda |last2=French |first2=Pamela |last3=Coupel |first3=Pierre |title=Crusader Frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University |volume=36 |year=1982 |pages=177–210 |jstor=1291467|doi=10.2307/1291467 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Seignobos |first=Robin |title=La frontière entre le bilād al-islām et le bilād al-Nūba : enjeux et ambiguïtés d'une frontière immobile (
*{{cite book |last=Seignobos |first=Robin |language=fr |chapter=La liste des conquêtes nubiennes de Baybars selon Ibn Šadd ād (
* {{cite book |title=Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2013 |chapter=The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography |first=Dimitris |last=Kastritsis }}
*{{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |year=2013 |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |publisher=Lit}}
*{{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |year=2002 |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile.
==External links==
*[http://i-cias.com/e.o/baybars1.htm Baibars article] from ''Encyclopedia of the Orient
*[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=382088 Baibars] in ''Concise Britannica online
*[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=2777 Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya and Baybars Mausoleum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040422185420/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ba/Baybars1.html Brief
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040225192811/http://www.islam-online.net/Arabic/history/1422/01/article31.SHTML Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040406230315/http://jeru.huji.ac.il/eg31.htm Brief
*{{Citation |title=The History of Islam in Africa|editor1-link=Nehemia Levtzion|editor-first=Nehemia |editor-last=Levtzion |editor-first2=Randall |editor-last2=Pouwels |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |year=2000|isbn=0821444611|ref=none}}
*{{cite journal | author = Creswell, K.A.C.| author-link=K. A. C. Creswell| title =The works of Sultan Bibars al-Bunduqdârî in Egypt [avec 31 planches]| journal = [[Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|BIFAO]] | volume = 26| pages =129–193| url = http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/026/07/ | year = 1926| doi=10.3406/bifao.1926.1832| s2cid=267765212}}
{{S-start}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:
[[Category:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade]]
[[Category:Muslims of Lord Edward's crusade]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Palestine]]
[[Category:1223 births]]
[[Category:1277 deaths]]
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[[Category:13th-century Mamluk sultans]]
[[Category:One Thousand and One Nights characters]]
[[Category:13th-century
[[Category:Supporters of Ibn Arabi]]
[[Category:13th-century slaves]]
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