Baybars: Difference between revisions

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Assessment: adding the ref link of Baybars role in converting portions of Golden Horde
merging assessment section with Legacy section
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One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.<ref name="yigit">{{cite journal | last=Akkuş Yiğit | first=Fatma | title=Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme | journal=Journal of International Social Research | publisher=The Journal of International Social Research | volume=9 | issue=43 | date=20 April 2016 | url = https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/a-study-on-monogamy-and-polygamy-in-mamluk-palace.pdf | issn=1307-9581 | doi=10.17719/jisr.20164317631 | page=557}}</ref> Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.<ref name="yigit"/> Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.<ref name="yigit"/> Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun.<ref name="karam">{{cite web | last=Karam | first=Amina | title=Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo | website=AUC DAR Home | date=22 May 2019 | url=http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | access-date=22 December 2021 | pages=20, 21 | archive-date=18 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218152406/http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the daughter of [[Barka Khan]], a former Khwarazmian amir. She was the mother of his son [[Al-Said Barakah]].<ref name="Winter Levanoni">{{cite book | last1=Winter | first1=M. | last2=Levanoni | first2=A. | title=The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society | publisher=Brill | series=The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400–1500 | year=2004 | isbn=978-90-04-13286-3 | page=391}}</ref> She died in 1284–85.<ref name="karam"/> Another wife was the daughter Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir.<ref name="Clifford Conermann">{{cite book | last1=Clifford | first1=W.W. | last2=Conermann | first2=S. | title=State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. | publisher=V&R Unipress | series=Mamluk Studies | year=2013 | isbn=978-3-8470-0091-4 | page=105}}</ref> He had three sons [[al-Said Barakah]], [[Solamish]] and Khizir.<ref name="yigit"/> He had seven daughters;<ref name="yigit"/> one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.<ref name="Papas">{{cite book | last=Papas | first=A. | title=Sufi Institutions | publisher=Brill | series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East | year=2020 | isbn=978-90-04-39260-1 | page=33}}</ref>
 
==AssessmentLegacy==
{{Further|Seventh Crusade|Ninth Crusade|Battle of Ain Jalut}}
As the first Sultan of the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] Mamluk [[dynasty]], Baibars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society. He took final control after the assassination of Sultan Sayf al Din [[Qutuz]], but before he became Sultan he commanded Mamluk forces in the decisive [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, repelling Mongol forces from Syria.<ref>''100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present''. Paul K. Davis, pg. 141</ref> Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in the [[Near East]] and [[Kazakhstan]] is still regarded as such, Sultan Baibars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his successful campaigns against the [[Crusader States]]. A [[Templar knight]] who fought in the [[Seventh Crusade]] lamented:
[[File:تمثال للسلطان الظاهر بيبرس.JPG|thumb|Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the [[Egyptian National Military Museum]]]]
 
As the first Sultan of the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] Mamluk [[dynasty]], Baibars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society. He took final control after the assassination of Sultan Sayf al Din [[Qutuz]], but before he became Sultanwhere he commanded Mamluk forces in the decisive [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in 1260, repelling Mongol forces from Syria.<ref>''100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present''. Paul K. Davis, pg. 141</ref> Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in the [[Near East]] and [[Kazakhstan]] is still regarded as such, Sultan Baibars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his successful campaigns against the [[Crusader States]]. A [[Templar knight]] who fought in the [[Seventh Crusade]] lamented:
 
{{blockquote|text=Rage and sorrow are seated in my heart...so firmly that I scarce dare to stay alive. It seems that God wishes to support the Turks to our loss...ah, lord God...alas, the realm of the East has lost so much that it will never be able to rise up again. They will make a [[Mosque]] of Holy Mary's convent, and since the theft pleases her Son, who should weep at this, we are forced to comply as well...Anyone who wishes to fight the Turks is mad, for [[Jesus Christ]] does not fight them any more. They have conquered, they will conquer. For every day they drive us down, knowing that God, who was awake, sleeps now, and [[Muhammad]] waxes powerful.|source={{sfn|Howarth|1982|p=223}}}}
 
Baibars also played an important role in bringing the Mongols to [[Islam]].<ref name="The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith" /> He developed strong ties with the Mongols of the [[Golden Horde]] and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to [[Egypt]]. The arrival of the Mongol's Golden Horde to Egypt resulted in a significant number of Mongols accepting Islam.<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 192</ref>
 
==Legacy==
{{Further|Seventh Crusade|Ninth Crusade|Battle of Ain Jalut}}
[[File:تمثال للسلطان الظاهر بيبرس.JPG|thumb|Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the [[Egyptian National Military Museum]]]]
 
===Military legacy===