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[[File:Tiverton , West End Bowling Club - geograph.org.uk - 1216266.jpg|thumb|275px|Playing bowls at Tiverton West End Bowling Club, United Kingdom]]
'''Bowling''' is a [[Throwing sports#Target sports|target sport]] and recreational activity in which a player rolls a [[bowling ball|ball]] toward [[Bowling pin|pins]] (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling). The term ''bowling'' usually refers to pin bowling,
In pin bowling, the goal is to knock over [[Bowling pin|pins]] on a long playing surface known as a ''[[Bowling alley|lane]]''. Lanes have a wood or synthetic surface onto which protective lubricating oil is applied in different specified oil patterns that affect [[Bowling ball#Ball motion|ball motion]]. A [[strike (bowling)|strike]] is achieved when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, and a spare is achieved if all the pins are knocked over on a second roll. Common types of pin bowling include [[ten-pin bowling|ten-pin]], [[candlepin]], [[duckpin bowling|duckpin]], [[nine-pin bowling|nine-pin]], and [[five-pin bowling|five-pin]]. The historical game [[Skittles (sport)|skittles]] is the forerunner of modern pin bowling.
In target bowling, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a [[Glossary of bowls terms#Mark|mark]] as possible. The surface in target bowling may be grass, gravel, or synthetic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal-Mark |title=Laws of the Sport of Bowls| year=2010 |publisher=World Bowls Ltd |page=9}}</ref> [[Lawn bowls]], [[bocce]], [[Carpet Bowls|carpet bowls]], [[pétanque]], and [[boules]] may have both indoor and outdoor varieties. [[Curling]] is also related to
==Variations==
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* [[Candlepin bowling]]: tallest pins (at {{convert|40|cm|in|disp=or|abbr=on}}), thin with matching ends, bowled with the smallest and lightest (at {{convert|1.1|kg|lb|disp=or|abbr=on}}) handheld ball of any bowling sport, and the only form with ''no'' fallen pins removed during a frame.
* [[Duckpin bowling]]: short, squat, and bowled with a handheld ball.
* [[Five-pin bowling]]:
===Target bowling===
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Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in a material such as leather, and bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight.<ref name=Pretsell/> Some of these resemble the modern-day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by [[Herodotus]] as an invention of the [[Lydians]] in [[Asia Minor]].{{sfn|Pretsell|1908|p=2}}
About 2,000 years ago, in the [[Roman Empire]], a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian [[
Around AD 400, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club (kegel) representing the heathen, resulting in bowlers being called keglers.<ref name="www.britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling|title=bowling – game|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
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In 1951, the first [[USBC Masters|ABC Masters]] tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors by 2000.
In 1952, the [[World Bowling|Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ)]] was founded in [[Hamburg|Hamburg, West Germany]], to coordinate international amateur competition in nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. In 1954, the first FIQ World Bowling Championships were held in [[Helsinki, Finland]]. In 1979, the [[International Olympic Committee]] recognized it as the official world governing body for bowling. Its name changed to World Bowling in 2014 and [[International Bowling Federation]] in 2020.
In 1952, [[American Machine and Foundry]] (AMF) of [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]], began marketing automatic [[Pinsetter]] machines.<ref name=BBcom_20131002>{{cite web |last1=Carrubba |first1=Rich |title=History of Bowling |url=https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/history-of-bowling |publisher=BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501160140/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/history-of-bowling |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> This eliminated the need for pinboys<ref name=BBcom_20131002/> and caused bowling to rocket in popularity, making the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler.
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In 1978, National Negro Bowling Association pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903–1983) became the first African-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=RJE|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: REED, J. ELMER|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
On 16 December 1979, Willie Willis won the Brunswick National Resident Pro Tournament in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], becoming the first African-American bowling champion in the PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980, he became the first African-American in the Firestone Tournament of Champions, placing 13th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://
On 27 February 1982, [[Earl Anthony]] won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming the first bowler to reach $1 million in career earnings.
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<!-- linked from redirect [[Bowling shoes]] -->
[[File:20230414 Bowling shoes in rack.jpg|thumb| Bowling centers maintain bowling shoes for rental to patrons, to prevent damage to lane approaches.]]
The sole of the non-sliding
==Scoring==
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* Dulles, Foster Rhea. ''A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play'' (2nd ed. 1965) [https://archive.org/details/historyofrecreat0000dull/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Grasso, John, and Eric R. Hartman. ''Historical dictionary of bowling'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Hurley, Andrew. ''Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture'' (Basic Books, 2001)
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* Jackson, Emma. "Bowling together? Practices of belonging and becoming in a London ten-pin bowling league." ''Sociology'' 54.3 (2020): 518-533.
* Miller, Mark. ''Bowling'' (Bloomsbury, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Perris, Jeff. ''All about Bowls: The History, Construction and Maintenance of Bowling Greens'' (STRI, 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Pritchard, Tony T., and Starla J. McCollum. "Bowling for a lifetime using sport education." ''Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance'' 79.3 (2008): 17-23.
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* Randall, Carol. ''Spares & Strikes: History of Candlepin Bowling in New Brunswick'' (1996) in Canada
* Schmidt, Doug. ''They Came to Bowl: How Milwaukee Became America's Tenpin Capital'' (Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2007)
* Thomas, Patrick R., Paul J. Schlinker, and Ray Over. "Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with prowess at
* Verfurth, Emily. ''Strikes, spares, and gutter balls: A history of Women’s bowling in twentieth century American''. (PhD dissertation, Texas Tech U. 2012) [https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstreams/551323af-bb3e-4b64-ba80-b7857e01115e/download online]
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