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{{Short description|Class of sports in which a player rolls a ball towards a target}}
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{{About|bowling in general|specific types of bowling|Ten-pin bowling|and|Duckpin bowling|and|Candlepin bowling|and|Nine-pin bowling|and|Five-pin bowling|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
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[[File:Tiverton , West End Bowling Club - geograph.org.uk - 1216266.jpg|thumb|275px|Playing bowls at Tiverton West End Bowling Club, United Kingdom]]
'''Bowling''' is a [[Throwing sports#Target sports|target sport]] and recreational activity in which a player rolls a [[bowling ball|ball]] toward [[Bowling pin|pins]] (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling). The term ''bowling'' usually refers to pin bowling,
In pin bowling, the goal is to knock over [[Bowling pin|pins]] on a long playing surface known as a ''[[Bowling alley|lane]]''. Lanes have a wood or synthetic surface onto which protective lubricating oil is applied in different specified oil patterns that affect [[Bowling ball#Ball motion|ball motion]]. A [[strike (bowling)|strike]] is achieved when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, and a spare is achieved if all the pins are knocked over on a second roll. Common types of pin bowling include [[ten-pin bowling|ten-pin]], [[candlepin]], [[duckpin bowling|duckpin]], [[nine-pin bowling|nine-pin]], and [[five-pin bowling|five-pin]]. The historical game [[Skittles (sport)|skittles]] is the forerunner of modern pin bowling.
In target bowling, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a [[Glossary of bowls terms#Mark|mark]] as possible. The surface in target bowling may be grass, gravel, or synthetic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal-Mark |title=Laws of the Sport of Bowls| year=2010 |publisher=World Bowls Ltd |page=9}}</ref> [[Lawn bowls]], [[bocce]], [[Carpet Bowls|carpet bowls]], [[pétanque]], and [[boules]] may have both indoor and outdoor varieties. [[Curling]] is also related to
==Variations==
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* [[Candlepin bowling]]: tallest pins (at {{convert|40|cm|in|disp=or|abbr=on}}), thin with matching ends, bowled with the smallest and lightest (at {{convert|1.1|kg|lb|disp=or|abbr=on}}) handheld ball of any bowling sport, and the only form with ''no'' fallen pins removed during a frame.
* [[Duckpin bowling]]: short, squat, and bowled with a handheld ball.
* [[Five-pin bowling]]:
===Target bowling===
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Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in a material such as leather, and bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight.<ref name=Pretsell/> Some of these resemble the modern-day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by [[Herodotus]] as an invention of the [[Lydians]] in [[Asia Minor]].{{sfn|Pretsell|1908|p=2}}
About 2,000 years ago, in the [[Roman Empire]], a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian [[
Around AD 400, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club (kegel) representing the heathen, resulting in bowlers being called keglers.<ref name="www.britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling|title=bowling – game|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
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In 1864, [[Glasgow]] cotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell (1803–1884) published ''Manual of Bowls Playing'', which became a standard reference for lawn bowling in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pelhamsbowlsclub.co.uk/Pages/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217032508/http://www.pelhamsbowlsclub.co.uk/Pages/History.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2015|title=History|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
In 1875, the National Bowling Association (NBA) was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to standardize rules for ten-pin bowling, setting the ball size and the distance between the foul line and the pins, but failing to agree on other rules; it was superseded in 1895 by the [[United States Bowling Congress|American Bowling Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&q=national+bowling+association+1875&pg=PA187|title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century|isbn=978-1317459477|access-date=24 January 2016|last1=Riess|first1=Steven A.|year=2015|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
In 1880, Justin White of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], invented [[Candlepin Bowling]].
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In the 1880s, [[Brunswick Bowling & Billiards|Brunswick Corporation]] (founded 1845) of [[Chicago]], Illinois, maker of billiard tables began making bowling balls, pins, and wooden lanes to sell to taverns installing bowling alleys.
On 9 September 1895, the modern standardized rules for ten-pin bowling were established in [[New York City]] by the new American Bowling Congress (ABC) (later the United States Bowling Congress), who changed the scoring system from a maximum 200 points for 20 balls to a maximum 300 points for 12 balls, and set the maximum ball weight at {{convert|16|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, and pin distance at {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The first ABC champion (1906–1921) was Jimmy Smith (1885–1948).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bowlinghistory.wordpress.com/2009/01/19/jimmy-smith-famous-bowler-bibliography/|title=A Jimmy Smith Bibliography|work=Dr. Jake's Bowling History Blog|date=20 January 2009|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> In 1927 Mrs. [[Floretta McCutcheon|Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon]] (1888–1967) defeated Smith in an exhibition match, founding a school that taught 500,000 women how to bowl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowl.com/Hall_of_Fame/Hall_of_Famers/Superior_Performance/Floretta_McCutcheon/|title=Bowl.com – Floretta McCutcheon|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballreviews.com/miscellaneous/floretta-mccutcheon-biography-t71008.0.html|title=Floretta McCutcheon biography|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century|isbn=978-1317459477|access-date=24 January 2016|last1=Riess|first1=Steven A.|date=2015|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> In 1993 women were allowed to join the ABC. In 2005 the ABC merged with the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) et al. to become the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
In the early 1890s, [[Duckpin bowling]] was invented in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], spreading to [[Baltimore, Maryland]] about 1899.
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In 1951, the first [[USBC Masters|ABC Masters]] tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors by 2000.
In 1952, the [[World Bowling|Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ)]] was founded in [[Hamburg|Hamburg, West Germany]], to coordinate international amateur competition in nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. In 1954, the first FIQ World Bowling Championships were held in [[Helsinki, Finland]]. In 1979, the [[International Olympic Committee]] recognized it as the official world governing body for bowling. Its name changed to World Bowling in 2014 and [[International Bowling Federation]] in 2020.
In 1952, [[American Machine and Foundry]] (AMF) of [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]], began marketing automatic [[Pinsetter]] machines.<ref name=BBcom_20131002>{{cite web |last1=Carrubba |first1=Rich |title=History of Bowling |url=https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/history-of-bowling |publisher=BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501160140/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/history-of-bowling |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> This eliminated the need for pinboys<ref name=BBcom_20131002/> and caused bowling to rocket in popularity, making the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler.
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In 1978, National Negro Bowling Association pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903–1983) became the first African-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=RJE|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: REED, J. ELMER|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
On 16 December 1979, Willie Willis won the Brunswick National Resident Pro Tournament in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], becoming the first African-American bowling champion in the PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980, he became the first African-American in the Firestone Tournament of Champions, placing 13th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://
On 27 February 1982, [[Earl Anthony]] won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming the first bowler to reach $1 million in career earnings.
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On 2 August 1991, in [[Havana, Cuba]], tenpin bowling became an international medal-level sport for the first time at the [[Bowling at the 1991 Pan American Games|1991 Pan American Games]], and [[2019 Pan American Games#Sports|continues to this day]].
In the 1992–1993 season, the ABC introduced [[Bowling ball#Coverstock technology|resin]] bowling balls, causing perfect 300 scores to increase by 20%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnj4TSwDvacC&pg=PA352|title=Now You Know Big Book of Sports|isbn=9781770705876|access-date=24 January 2016|last1=Lennox|first1=Doug|date=7 September 2009|publisher=Dundurn }}</ref>
In 1995, the first [[Best Bowler ESPY Award]] was presented.
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In 1995, the [[National Bowling Stadium]] opened in [[Reno, Nevada]], becoming known as the Taj Mahal of Tenpins.
On 2 February 1997, Jeremy Sonnenfeld (born 1975) bowled the first officially sanctioned 900 series of three straight perfect 300 games at Sun Valley Lanes in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], becoming known as "Mr. 900".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journalstar.com/sports/q-a-with-jeremy-sonnenfeld/article_5fbb30ac-7a69-5b92-a36c-141b0e5f98a2.html|title=Q&A with Jeremy Sonnenfeld|author=Ken Hambleton |work=[[Lincoln Journal Star]]|date=29 April 2006 |access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
In 1998, the [[World Tenpin Masters]] 10-pin bowling tournament was established.
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<!-- linked from redirect [[Bowling shoes]] -->
[[File:20230414 Bowling shoes in rack.jpg|thumb| Bowling centers maintain bowling shoes for rental to patrons, to prevent damage to lane approaches.]]
The sole of the non-sliding
==Scoring==
{{detail|Ten-pin bowling#Pins and scoring}}
==Accessibility==
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}}
* In 1948, two bowling lanes were installed in the ground floor of the [[West Wing]] of the U.S. presidential residence, the [[White House]], as a birthday gift for then-President [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref name=WHMuseum20151208/> The lanes were moved to the Old Executive Office Building (now the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]]) in 1955, for the benefit of White House employees;<ref name=Politico20140512/> its old location became a [[mimeograph]] room, and, much later, the [[White House Situation Room]].<ref name=WHMuseum20151208/> On 9 July 2014, the [[General Services Administration]] published, then quickly withdrew, a solicitation for bids to replace the Truman bowling lanes, which were deemed "irreparable" for not having had "any professional, industry standard maintenance, modifications, repairs or attention" for fifteen years.<ref name=Politico20140512>{{cite news |last1=Mahaskey |first1=M. Scott |title=Photos: Inside the Truman Bowling Alley |url=https://www.politico.com/gallery/2014/05/photos-inside-the-truman-bowling-alley-188296?slide=7 |work=Politico |date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309054622/https://www.politico.com/gallery/2014/05/photos-inside-the-truman-bowling-alley-188296?slide=0 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Time20140709>{{cite magazine |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke J. |title=The White House Is Renovating Its Bowling Alley |url=http://time.com/2970061/white-house-bowling-alley/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716204852/http://time.com/2970061/white-house-bowling-alley/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In 1969, friends of then-President [[Richard M. Nixon]], who was said to be an avid bowler, had a one-lane alley built in an underground space below the building's North Portico.<ref name=WHMuseum20151208>{{cite web |title=White House Bowling Alley |url=http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor0/bowling-alley.htm |publisher=The White House Museum |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701214701/http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor0/bowling-alley.htm |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The one-lane bowling alley underwent major renovations in 1994, and again in 2019.<ref name="BusinessInsider_20200727">{{cite magazine |last1=Harrington |first1=Rebecca
===Paintings===
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* Dulles, Foster Rhea. ''A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play'' (2nd ed. 1965) [https://archive.org/details/historyofrecreat0000dull/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Grasso, John, and Eric R. Hartman. ''Historical dictionary of bowling'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Hurley, Andrew. ''Diners, Bowling Alleys, and Trailer Parks: Chasing the American Dream in Postwar Consumer Culture'' (Basic Books, 2001)
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* Jackson, Emma. "Bowling together? Practices of belonging and becoming in a London ten-pin bowling league." ''Sociology'' 54.3 (2020): 518-533.
* Miller, Mark. ''Bowling'' (Bloomsbury, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Perris, Jeff. ''All about Bowls: The History, Construction and Maintenance of Bowling Greens'' (STRI, 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?
* Pritchard, Tony T., and Starla J. McCollum. "Bowling for a lifetime using sport education." ''Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance'' 79.3 (2008): 17-23.
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* Randall, Carol. ''Spares & Strikes: History of Candlepin Bowling in New Brunswick'' (1996) in Canada
* Schmidt, Doug. ''They Came to Bowl: How Milwaukee Became America's Tenpin Capital'' (Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2007)
* Thomas, Patrick R., Paul J. Schlinker, and Ray Over. "Psychological and psychomotor skills associated with prowess at
* Verfurth, Emily. ''Strikes, spares, and gutter balls: A history of Women’s bowling in twentieth century American''. (PhD dissertation, Texas Tech U. 2012) [https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstreams/551323af-bb3e-4b64-ba80-b7857e01115e/download online]
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