The Class 59 3,300 bhp (2,460 kW) Co-Co diesel-electric locomotives were built between 1985 and 1995 by Electro-Motive Diesel for operation in Great Britain. A total of 15 locomotives were built for three different operators.
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They were the first privately owned diesel locomotives to operate regularly on the British main line, also the first diesel locomotives built for it in the United States. One worked for a while in Germany but has since returned to England.
Overview
Foster Yeoman operated the Torr Works quarry near Merehead in Somerset, with much of the output going to rail-served depots at places such as Theale and Acton.[1] From May 1983 the trains had been diagrammed for Class 56 locomotives but up to 40% of services were arriving late.[2] Foster Yeoman operated an American Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) SW1001 shunter in the quarry so the company was invited to tender for six new locomotives. Brush Traction and British Rail Engineering Limited in England were also invited but could not meet the 95% availability that Foster Yeoman demanded.[3]
EMD based the design on their SD40-2 with 'Super Series' wheel creep control. This allowed a single locomotive to operate the heaviest Foster Yeoman trains which would enable double-heading to be dispensed with and so just four locomotives were ordered in November 1984. EMD created a new design with their EMD 645 engine inside the British loading gauge, along with British brakes and safety systems and with a cab layout similar the British Rail Class 58 to aid driver familiarity. They were custom built at La Grange, Illinois by a team of 21 people. The locomotives emerged from the workshops towards the end of 1985 and arrived at Southampton on 21 January 1986.[4][5][6][7]
They were the first privately owned diesel locomotives to operate regularly on the British main line, also the first diesel locomotives built for it in the United States, although EMD powered locomotives have been the mainstay in both the Republic of Ireland since 1961 and Northern Ireland since 1980. Following Foster Yeoman's example, rival ARC Southern ordered four Class 59/1 and National Power six Class 59/2s. Foster Yeoman and Amey merged their rail concerns into Mendip Rail, and the rail interests of National Power were taken over by English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS)).[8]
The Class 59 was superseded by the Class 66. These locomotives were first built for EWS in 1998 and are now operated by most British and some European freight operators. This design uses the same body shell but it has some differences including a larger EMD 710 engine.
Sub-classes
Class 59/0 for Foster Yeoman
The first order for four Class 59s was placed on 16 November 1984 and the locomotives arrived at Southampton on 21 January 1986. They were initially hauled to Merehead and then taken to the Railway Technical Centre at Derby for inspection. 59002 and 59004 returned to Merehead on 29 January to allow the training of drivers and maintenance staff and to prove the haulage capability on Foster Yeoman's tracks, also on the main line towards London when regular services were not running. The locomotives retained at Derby underwent further tests including on the Midland Main Line. The four locomotives started to haul regular trains on 17 February 1986.[9][10] The locomotives were all named (Yeoman Endeavour, Yeoman Enterprise, Yeoman Highlander and Yeoman Challenger) in a ceremony at Merehead on 28 June 1986. At the same time EMD presented a non-working American-style locomotive bell which was fixed to special brackets above the front windows of 59001.[11]
While the locomotives were owned by Foster Yeoman, the operation of trains on the main line was by British Rail drivers based at Westbury and Old Oak Common in London. Maintenance was at Foster Yeoman's Merehead depot but mostly carried out by British Rail staff from Bristol Bath Road depot.[9][12]
The locomotives' livery was silver with a dark blue band along the lower panel of the roof (with 'Yeoman' in white at one end) and another blue band the base of the body side. British Rail required yellow on the ends below the window and on the buffer beam; above this was silver; the bottom blue line was carried around the end. A large 'Y' logo in blue was painted on a white background offset from the body centre.[13] The number was carried on a cast plate below the drivers window (left side of the cab) and nameplates were fitted below the opposite cab window.[14]
During the first year of operation the first four locomotives travelled an average of 273,331 miles (439,884 km) each and hauled 2,843,310 tonnes (2,798,400 long tons) between them. Availability was 99.3%[9] and they achieved 99.8% availability over their first ten years.[15]
Increasing business resulted in a fifth locomotive being ordered in 1988. 59005 was built by EMD at La Grange and arrived in the UK at Felixstowe on 4 June 1989. It went to Derby for inspection and then entered service from Merehead on 19 June 1989.[9] From October 1993 the five locomotives operated jointly with the ARC Southern Class 59/1s under the Mendip Rail agreement but remained the property of Foster Yeoman.[16] In 1997 59003 was withdrawn from Mendip Rail traffic and modified to work in Germany in a joint operation with DB Cargo.[17]
Class 59/1 for ARC Southern
ARC Southern ordered four locomotives in 1987. Construction started in 1990 at EMD's Canadian plant in London, Ontario as La Grange was not building locomotives at the time. They arrived in the UK at Newport Docks and were unloaded on 20 October 1990. They were hauled to Whatley and then taken to Derby for inspection. The first locomotives entered service from Whatley on 5 November 1990.[18]
The main differences from the 59/0s is a revised arrangement of lights on the front to a newer British standard.[19] 59104 was experimentally fitted with additional yaw dampers inboard of the cab steps. It was successfully tested on the Midland Main Line at 75 miles per hour (121 km/h).[18]
Livery was mustard yellow sides with grey roofs and cabs (but with signal yellow below the front windows). a large grey ARC logo was positioned on the body side.[1] The number was carried on a cast plate below the drivers window (left side of the cab) and nameplates were fitted below the opposite cab window. The names chosen were of four villages near Whatley.[14]
From October 1993 the locomotives operated jointly with the Foster Yeoman Class 59/0s under the Mendip Rail agreement but remained the property of ARC Southern.[16]
Class 59/2 for National Power
National Power ordered a single locomotive in 1991 to operate trains of limestone to Drax Power Station in Yorkshire. It was built by EMD at London, Ontario, and arrived in the UK at Hull on 17 February 1994. It was taken to Derby for inspection[20] and entered service on 14 March 1994.[21] Five more locomotives were ordered in 1994 for coal traffic. These arrived in Hull on 4 August 1995 and were based at a new National Power depot at Ferrybridge.[20]
The six Class 59/2s have the same lighting arrangement as the 59/1s and are all equipped with the addiitonal yaw dampers that were tested on 59104 which allows operation at up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h). Other changes to earlier builds are a carbon dioxide fire control system (instead of a Halon system), Ni-Cad batteries (instead of lead acid), drop-head knuckle couplers, and a more advanced slow speed control for merry-go-round power station coal train operation.[20]
Livery was a bright blue body with pale grey bodies, underframe and lower bodyside. Narrow white and red stripes ran along the side between the blue and grey. The fronts had signal yellow below the front windows with blue above. A white and red National Power logo was positioned in the centre of the sides.[21] The number was painted below the drivers window (left side of the cab) and nameplates were fitted below the opposite cab window. 12 names of vales were selected to allow for fleet expansion but only five were used.[14]
National Power ceased operating their own trains in April 1998 and the fleet was sold to English, Welsh and Scottish Railway who redeployed them on stone trains alongside Mendip Rail's 59/0s and 59/1s.[20]
Subsequent operators
Mendip Rail
To better manage the utilisation of their locomotives and wagons, ARC Southern and Foster Yeoman founded Mendip Rail in October 1993. The assets were still owned by each parent company and the staff were seconded. Class 59 maintenance was concentrated at Merehead, leaving the depot at Whatley to focus on wagons.[16] Merehead also took on regular maintenance of DB Schenker's Class 59/2s from 2005.[20]
Both the parent companies have seen changes, firstly ARC became Hanson Quarry Products Europe in 1998.[20] Family-owned Foster Yeoman sold its business to Aggregate Industries on 21 June 2006.[22]
59002 was repainted into Mendip Rail livery. This was mostly dark green but with an orange section below, angled downwards in the cab area. It had a grey band around the lower body, also a grey roof. The colours were carried across the front of the cab; only the buffer beam was painted signal yellow. An MRL logo was centred on the green body side with the company name below on the orange section. All other locomotives have continued to operate in their owning company's colours and 59002 reverted to Foster Yeoman's livery, but the style of painting changed and was generally similar irrespective of the owning company except for the Aggregates Industries scheme introduced in 2006.[23]
- All Foster Yeoman locomotives had a mid-blue upper section with silver below. The end matched the body colours but with a signal yellow buffer beam. A blue 'Y' logo with a white background was positioned on the blue section of the sides, with 'Yeoman' in white on blue below it.
- ARC Southern locomotive 59101 was given a mustard yellow upper section with grey roof and lower body. The end matched the body colours but with a signal yellow buffer beam. A blue ARC logo was positioned in the centre of the yellow sides.
- After ARC became Hanson all locomotives were painted in a similar scheme to Foster Yeoman's except the main roof section was red. The Hanson logo and name was applied to the blue section of the sides.
- After Foster Yeoman was sold to Aggregate Industries all locomotives were given a different livery style. A thin silver band ran right around the locomotive just below window level. Above was mid blue and below was turquoise. The end matched the body colours but with a signal yellow buffer beam. A large silver triangle was painted on the side with a blue triangular logo at the top and the company's name in turquoise below.
-
Mendip Rail 59002 (photograph 2004) -
Foster Yeoman 59002 (photograph 2011) -
ARC 59101
(photograph 1999) -
Hanson 59103 (photograph 2020) -
Aggregate Industries 59001 (photo 2016)
Mendip Rail continued to contract the operation of their trains to British Rail. After this was privatised the contract was given to English, Welsh and Scottish Railway then DB Schenker Rail which was later rebranded DB Cargo UK. This contract expired in 2019 and was awarded instead to Freightliner UK. The contract included the sale of the eight class 59s to Freightliner.[24]
In Germany
Foster Yeoman sought contracts in Germany in the 1990s. In 1996 it was agreed that they could operate trains on German railways if they formed a joint venture with DB Cargo. 59003 Yeoman Highlander was taken out of Mendip Rail service on 29 November 1996 and modified for operating in Germany. The work was mostly done at Eastleigh Works but some was done after arrival in Germany, This included changes to cab controls, signalling equipment, radio, front lights and buffers. It was handed over to DB at Merehead on 1 March 1997 and left the UK through the Channel Tunnel on 1 May 1997. After testing by DB at Minden and further modifications at Cottbus it entered service on 14 September 1997 from a depot in Berlin. It initially worked trains of sand near its depot and then heavier stone trains between Berlin and Hamburg. From March 1998 it carried the number 259003-2.[17][25][26]
The DB-Yeoman operation finished in 1999. 259003-2 was transferred to a new company, Heavy Haul Power International (HHPI), which had been set up as an open access rail freight haulier. This had been established by Richard Painter who had worked with Foster Yeoman and had led the DB-Yeoman joint venture. The new company received an operating license in May 2000 which allows operation in Germany and other countries.[17][27]
HHPI withdrew 259003-2 in August 2014. It was sold to GB Railfreight and returned to the UK. It arrived at the Port of Immingham in October 2014 and taken to Eastleigh for overhaul and modifications to allow it to operate in Britain. It ran its first tests on the main line on 29 May 2015, now again numbered 59003.[28]
Throughout its time in Germany it carried a livery with Foster Yeoman blue at the top of the sides and ends with DB red below, the red area being slightly smaller than the blue. The roof was grey while the buffer beam and area below the body was black. It retained its name and numberplates. A red DB logo was on the blue section and a blue Yeoman 'Y' on the red section. HHPI removed this and puts its logo and name on the blue section.[17]
GB Railfreight
59003 was purchased by GB Railfreight from HHPi in August 2014.[29] It was repatriated back to Great Britain from Germany via the Port of Immingham in October 2014 and then moved by rail to Eastleigh Works for recommissioning by Arlington Fleet Services.[30] It is principally used on general freight in the Westbury area where the other Class 59s operate stone trains.[28]
GB Railfreight livery is dark blue with orange on the cab and orange bands along the top and bottom of the body sides. The lower part of the cab front is deep yellow but the buffer beam and other parts below the body are black. A 'GBRf' logo and number are orange on the blue body side. In 2015 the border between the orange and blue was immediately behind the cab side windows and semi-circular mimicing the Europorte logo with a red quarter circle. In 2020 this was changed to a straight line with the orange area extended back to include the doors.[28]
EWS and DB
The contract for British Rail to provide crews and additional motive power for Mendip Rail trains was transferred to English, Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS) on 24 February 1996 when that company took over most of BR's freight services at privatisation.[31]
National Power sold its rail operations to EWS in April 1998. [20] They were repainted into the EWS livery of maroon with a broad, straight yellow band along the bodyside. The number and 'EWS' were in maroon on the yellow band while the EWS logo was applied beneath the right side cab window. This forced a move for any nameplates to below the driver's side cab window.[32]
The Class 59/2s were later allocated to work beside the Mendip Rail fleet of 59/0s and 59/1s. From 2005 a contract was given to Mendip Rail to maintain the Class 59/2s at Merehead alongside their own locomotives.[20]
EWS was sold to Deutsche Bahn (DB) on 28 June 2007.[33] It traded as DB Schenker until 2 March 2016 when it was rebranded as DB Cargo UK.[34] The locomotives were now painted in DB red with white DB Schenker branding. The number was painted below the right side cab window.[35]
When DB Cargo lost the Mendip Rail contract in 2019 they put their Class 59/2s up for sale and Freightliner purchased them to operate on their stone trains.[24]
Freightliner
DB Cargo UK's contract to operate the Mendip Rail stone trains expired in 2019 and was awarded instead to Freightliner. The new contract included the sale of Mendip Rail's eight class 59s to Freightliner.[36][24] With their work gone DB put the six Class 59/2s up for sale and they were also purchased by Freightliner who continue to operate them on these stone trains.[24]
The first Class 59 to be painted into Freightliner livery was 59206. The main colour on the body side is orange which extends from the lower roof panel down to the bottom of the cab side window. Below this is a black stripe, an orange stripe, another black stripe and finally a lemon yellow stripe along the bottom of the body. The roof is grey, buffer beam and below the body black, and the whole front is lemon yellow. The number is painted on the lower black stripe below the right side cab window and the nameplate moved to above the upper black stripe and offset from the centre of the body.[28]
Fleet details
Technical details[19] are given in the information box at the top of the page.
| Commissioned by | Number | Works No. | Built | In service | Owner | Livery[28] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foster Yeoman | 59001 | 848002-1 | 1985 | February 1986 | Freightliner | Aggregates Industries |
| 59002 | 848002-2 | 1985 | February 1986 | Freightliner | Aggregates Industries | |
| 59003 | 848002-3 | 1985 | February 1986 | GB Railfreight | GB Railfreight | |
| 59004 | 848002-4 | 1985 | February 1986 | Freightliner | Aggregates Industries | |
| 59005 | 878039-1 | 1989 | June 1989 | Freightliner | Aggregates Industries | |
| ARC Southern | 59101 | 878029-1 | 1990 | 11 November 1990 | Freightliner | Hanson |
| 59102 | 878029-2 | 1990 | 11 November 1990 | Freightliner | Hanson | |
| 59103 | 878029-3 | 1990 | 11 November 1990 | Freightliner | Hanson | |
| 59104 | 878029-4 | 1990 | 11 November 1990 | Freightliner | Hanson | |
| National Power | 59201 | 918273-1 | 1994 | 26 April 1994 | Freightliner | DB red, logos removed |
| 59202 | 948510-1 | 1995 | October 1995 | Freightliner | DB red, logos removed | |
| 59203 | 948510-2 | 1995 | October 1995 | Freightliner | Freightliner[37] | |
| 59204 | 948510-3 | 1995 | October 1995 | Freightliner | DB red, logos removed | |
| 59205 | 948510-4 | 1995 | October 1995 | Freightliner | DB red, logos removed | |
| 59206 | 948510-5 | 1995 | October 1995 | Freightliner | Freightliner[38] |
Names
| Number | Name[14][28] | Where and when named[14] | Name removed[28] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 59001 | Yeoman Endeavour | 28 June 1986 at Merehead | |
| 59002 | Yeoman Enterprise | 28 June 1986 at Merehead | June 1996 |
| Alan J Day | 21 June 1996 at Merehead | ||
| 59003 | Yeoman Highlander | 28 June 1986 at Merehead | |
| 59004 | Yeoman Challenger | 28 June 1986 at Merehead | June 1996 |
| Paul A Hammond | 21 June 1996 at Merehead | ||
| 59005 | Kenneth J Painter | 25 June 1989 at Merehead | |
| 59101 | Village of Whatley | 9 May 1992 at Bridgnorth | |
| 59102 | Village of Chantry | 15 September 1991 at Laira | |
| 59103 | Village of Mells | 18 August 1991 at Old Oak Common | |
| 59104 | Village of Great Elm | 14 September 1991 at Cambridge | |
| 59201 | Vale of York | 4 March 1994 at the National Railway Museum | March 2012 |
| 59202 | Vale of White Horse | 14 June 1996 at Didcot | November 2013 |
| Alan Meadows Taylor | December 2013[28] | ||
| 59203 | Vale of Pickering | 2 September 1995 at Drax | Circa July 2014 |
| 59204 | Vale of Glamorgan | 18 November 1996 at Aberthaw | Circa September 2018 |
| 59205 | Vale of Evesham | 14 June 1996 at Ferrybridge | March 1998 |
| L Keith McNair | 12 March 1998 | April 2012 | |
| 59206 | Pride of Ferrybridge | 28 June 1997 at Ferrybridge | December 2008 |
| John F Yeoman | January 2009[28] |
-
Yeoman Endeavour (59001) -
Paul A Hammond (59004) -
Village of Mells (59103) -
Vale of Glamorgan (59204) -
John F Yeoman (59206)
Notable workings and incidents
1990 derailment in Canada
One of the ARC Southern locomotives damaged while being tested before delivery. On 13 September 1990 two locomotives were being tested on EMD's test track at London, Ontario. 59102 failed to stop at the end of the line and ran through a trap point which protected the exit to the main line. It derailed and came to a stop at an angle on the embankment. It was recovered and returned to the factory where it was repaired.[18]
1991 mega-train trial
A trial was held on the night of 25/26 May 1991 to test the operation of longer trains from Merehead. The train consisted of 115 wagons weighing 12,108 tonnes (11,917 long tons; 13,347 short tons) and 5,415 feet (1,650 m) long. 59005 was at the front and 59001 positioned as a mid-train helper. It was worked to the junction with the main line at Witham Friary in two parts. 59001 buffer-locked with a wagon which derailed. Later in the journey a coupling broke. The trial was halted but concluded that such a 'mega-train' could be operated subject to some modifications. A commemorative plaque was later fitted to 59005.[39]
2000 Whatley branch derailment
A Whatley to Acton stone train on 12 September 2000 was being worked by 59103 when the first ten hopper wagons derailed at 23:20 between Great Elm Tunnel and Bedlam Tunnel on the single track branch line to the Hanson Quarry at Whatley. The locomotive and the first two hoppers rolled over with the locomotive coming to rest on the parapet of a small bridge. The locomotive was recovered on 19 September 2000 and moved to Whatley where an initial assessment of the damage was made and repairs made to make the locomotive safe for removal by road. The locomotive was then moved by road to the Railway Technical Centre at Derby on 2 November 2000 for further assessment. It was then taken to Eastleigh Works for repairs. 59103 returned to service in the summer of 2001.[40]
Model railways
Modern Traction Kits quickly released a white metal body kit which fitted on a 00 gauge Hornby Railways Class 58 chassis. When the Class 59/1s entered service an alternative kit was made available with the revised light arrangements.[41] Lima later produced a ready-to-run model until 2004 when the company ceased trading. Hornby Railways acquired the moulds and launched its first version of the BR Class 59 in 2006. It was upgraded with a better mechanism and featured the later arrangement of cab front lights.[42] Since 2017 they have produced a basic representation of the prototype as part of their Railroad range in a variety of liveries.[43]
An N gauge body kit has been produced by BH Enterprises. A hand-built ready-to-run model has been offered by CJM Models. Prototype Replica Model Railway Products produce an 0 scale Class 59 in both kit form and ready-to-run.[42]
References
- ^ a b Peaty, Ian P. (2014). Stone by rail. Kettering: Silver Link Publishing. pp. 121–126. ISBN 978-185794-422-8.
- ^ Freeman Allen, Geoffrey (1987). The Yeoman 59s. London: Jane's Transport Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-7106-0452-1.
- ^ Freeman Allen 1987, pp. 5–7
- ^ Freeman Allen 1987, pp. 7–11
- ^ "British company buys EMD units". Railway Age. January 1985. p. 22.
- ^ "The 'Leaders' have arrived". Rail Enthusiast. No. 55. EMAP. April 1986. p. 12. ISSN 0262-561X.
- ^ "The Chicago Bears sail in". Motive Power Monthly. Ian Allan Ltd. April 1986. pp. 46–47. ISSN 0144-0292.
- ^ "EWS to acquire National Power's entire rail division from next April". Rail. No. 312. 27 August 1997. p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Marsden, Colin J. (2018). "The Class 59s". Modern Locomotives Illustrated. No. 173 (October/November 2008 ed.). Key Publishing. pp. 6–9. ISSN 1756-8188.
- ^ Freeman Allen 1987, pp. 15–16
- ^ Freeman Allen 1987, p. 21
- ^ Freeman Allen 1987, pp. 11–15
- ^ Peaty 2014, p. 131
- ^ a b c d e Marsden 2008, pp. 78–80
- ^ Heavy Haul Power International Archived 24 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine:The track record of Heavy Haul Power EMD General Motors locomotives over ten years Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, as of 7 April 2012
- ^ a b c Peaty 2014, pp. 133–135
- ^ a b c d Marsden 2008, pp. 62–67
- ^ a b c Marsden 1987, pp. 11–14
- ^ a b Marsden, Colin J (2019). Rolling Stock Review. Stamford: Key Publishing. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-912205-98-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Marsden 2008, pp. 14, 83
- ^ a b Marsden 2008, pp. 52–55
- ^ Peaty 2014, p. 9
- ^ Marsden 2008, pp. 31–43
- ^ a b c d Holden, Michael. "Freightliner purchases 14 Class 59 locomotives as Mendip Rail contract continues". Rail Advent. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ "Mendip Rail confirms Class 59's German transfer" Rail issue 298 12 February 1997 page 9
- ^ "59003 handed over to DB" The Railway Magazine issue 1153 May 1997 page 59
- ^ "59003 departs Yeoman fleet as new company orders 66s" The Railway Magazine issue 1206 October 2001 page 12
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Marsden, Colin J (2020). "Classes 59, 66 and 70 - The New Era". Modern Locomotives Illustrated. 245 (October/November 2020): 4–21.
- ^ "GB Railfreight brings hardy 'Yeoman Highlander' back to the UK" (Press release). GB Railfreight. 19 August 2014.
- ^ "Yeoman Highlander to return to the UK". Rail Express. 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
- ^ "Wisconsin Central decides: It's the English, Welsh & Scottish Railway" The Railway Magazine issue 1142 June 1996 page 8
- ^ Marsden 2008, pp. 56–60
- ^ "EWS sold to German Railways" The Railway Magazine issue 1276 August 2007 page 6
- ^ The UK's leading rail freight company announces rebrand Archived 11 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine DB Cargo UK 2 March 2016
- ^ Marsden 2020, p. 18
- ^ Clinnick, Richard. "Freightliner to take over Mendip Rail operations". Rail Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ 59203 Reading West - Flickr. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
- ^ "Freightliner shows off showroom-fresh '59 locomotive". RailFreight.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ Peaty 2014, pp. 132–133
- ^ Marsden 2008, p. 84
- ^ Vass, Len (October 1991). "ARC Class 59/1 in whitemetal". Railway Modeller. pp. 447–449.
- ^ a b Nevard, Chris (2018). Marsden, Colin J. (ed.). "The Class 59s". Modern Locomotives Illustrated. No. 173 (October/November 2008 ed.). Key Publishing. pp. 75–76. ISSN 1756-8188.
- ^ "Hornby BR Class 59". Hornby Railways Collector Guide. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Further reading
- Marsden, Colin J.; Fenn, Graham B. (1988). British Rail Main Line Diesel Locomotives. Sparkford: Haynes. pp. 236–239. ISBN 9780860933182. OCLC 17916362.
- Sharp, Russell T. (1986). "Enter the Class 59". Rail Enthusiast. No. 52 (January 1986 ed.). EMAP National Publications. pp. 34–37. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.
External links
