Content deleted Content added
per Yang et al., 2022 Tag: Disambiguation links added |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine |
||
| (35 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{
{{
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cinnamomum camphora20050314.jpg
|image_caption = An ancient camphor tree (estimated to be over 1,000 years old) in Japan
|genus = Camphora
|species = officinarum
|authority =
|synonyms =
* ''Laurus camphora'' L.
* ''Persea camphora'' (L.) Spreng.
* ''Cinnamomum camphora'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl.]]
* ''Camphora officinalis'' Steud.
* ''Camphora camphora'' (L.) H. karst.
}}
'''''Camphora officinarum''''' is a [[species]] of [[evergreen]]
== Description ==
''
The leaves have a glossy, waxy appearance and smell of [[camphor]] when crushed. In spring, it produces bright green foliage with masses of very small white fragrant [[flower]]s from which its common namesake "smells good tree" in Chinese {{lang|zh|香樟}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|xiang zhang}} was given. It produces clusters of black, berry-like [[fruit]] around {{convert|1|cm
{{gallery|mode=packed
[[File:Kayashima shrine - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Camphor [[sacred tree]] with shrine at the base at [[Kayashima Station]]]]▼
Certain trees in Japan are considered sacred. An example of the importance of a [[sacred tree]] is the 700-year old camphor growing in the middle of [[Kayashima Station]]. Locals protested against moving the tree when the railway station had to be expanded, so the station was built around it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymodernmet.com/kayashima-station-camphor-tree/|title = Japanese Train Station Protectively Built Around a 700-Year-Old Tree|date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>▼
}}
[[File:Camphor Grove Sha Tau Kok.jpg|
==Distribution and habitat==
▲[[File:Camphor Grove Sha Tau Kok.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Camphor grove in [[Hong Kong]]]]
The species is native to China south of the [[Yangtze River]], Taiwan, southern Japan, Korea, India, and Vietnam, and has been introduced to many other countries.<ref name=FoC>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008697 |title=''Cinnamomum camphora'' |author1=Xi-wen Li |author2=Jie Li |author3=Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>
''C. camphora'' is cultivated for camphor and timber production. The production and shipment of camphor, in a solid, waxy form, was a major industry in Taiwan prior to and during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945). It was used medicinally and was also an important ingredient in the production of [[smokeless gunpowder]] and [[celluloid]]. Primitive stills were set up in the mountainous areas in which the tree is usually found. The wood was chipped; these chips were steamed in a retort, allowing the camphor to crystallize on the inside of a crystallization box after the vapour had passed through a cooling chamber. It was then scraped off and packed out to government-run factories for processing and sale. Camphor was one of the most lucrative of several important government monopolies under the Japanese.▼
==Ecology==
The wood has an insect-repellent quality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=449}}</ref>▼
In Australia, the larval stages of two native butterflies, the [[Chaetocneme porphyropis|purple brown-eye]] and [[Chaetocneme beata|common red-eye]]
===
[[Image:Cinnamomum camphora - Botanic Gardens.jpg
{{Main|Camphor}}▼
===In Australia===
Camphor is a white crystalline substance, obtained from the tree ''C. camphora''. Camphor has been used for many centuries as a culinary spice, a component of incense, and as a medicine. It is also an [[insect repellent]] and a flea-killing substance.▼
Camphor laurel was introduced to Australia in 1822 as an [[ornamental tree]] for use in gardens and public parks. It has become a [[noxious weed]] throughout [[Queensland]] and central to northern [[New South Wales]], where it is suited to the wet, subtropical climate.
===Chemical constituents===▼
The species contains [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[chemical compound]]s in all plant parts, and the wood and leaves are [[steam distillation|steam distilled]] for the [[essential oils]]. Camphor laurel has six different chemical variants called [[chemotype]]s, which are [[camphor]], [[linalool]], 1,8-[[cineole]], [[nerolidol]], [[safrole]], and [[borneol]]. In China, field workers avoid mixing chemotypes when harvesting by their odour.<ref>Hirota, N. and Hiroi, M., 1967. ‘The later studies on the camphor tree, on the leaf oil of each practical form and its utilisation’, ''[[Perfumery and Essential Oil Record]]'' 58, 364-367.</ref><ref>Lawrence, B. M., 1995. ‘Progress in essential oils’, ''[[Perfumer and Flavorist]]'', 20, 29-41.</ref> The cineole fraction of camphor laurel is used in China to manufacture fake "[[eucalyptus oil]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161224183232/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=china+eucalyptus+oil+use&source=web&ots=IsiuQiHnDX&sig=p4113dfJqln9BdWCcwQv5xKmBio&hl=en Ashurst, P.R., ''Food Flavorings'', 1999]</ref>▼
===In the United States===
The chemical variants (or chemotypes) seem dependent upon the country of origin of the tree. e.g., ''C. camphora'' grown in Taiwan and Japan is normally very high in linalool, often between 80 and 85%. In India and Sri Lanka, the high camphor variety/chemotype remains dominant. ''C. camphora'' grown in Madagascar, though, is high in 1,8-cineole (averaging between 40 and 50%). The essential oil from the Madagascar trees is commercially known as ''ravintsara''.<ref name="cwrr">{{cite web|url=http://www.cropwatch.org/Ravensara-Ravintsara%20biblio%20v1.01.pdf|title=Ravensara/Ravintsara Bibliography v1.01|author=Behra, Burfield|date=May 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304054022/http://www.cropwatch.org/Ravensara-Ravintsara%20biblio%20v1.01.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2011|version=Compiled by CropWatch v1.01}}</ref>▼
Introduced to the [[contiguous United States]] around 1875,
==
▲
▲[[Image:Cinnamomum camphora - Botanic Gardens.jpg|right|thumb|''C. camphora'' in the public Botanic Gardens in [[Adelaide, South Australia]]]]
▲[[Image:Cinnamomum camphora Turramurra railway.jpg|right|thumb|Camphor laurel in fruit at [[Turramurra railway station]], [[Australia]]]]
▲The wood has an [[Insect repellent|insect-repellent]] quality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=449}}</ref>
▲Camphor laurel was introduced to Australia in 1822 as an [[ornamental tree]] for use in gardens and public parks. It has become a [[noxious weed]] throughout [[Queensland]] and central to northern [[New South Wales]], where it is suited to the wet, subtropical climate. However, the tree provides hollows quickly in younger trees, whereas natives can take hundreds of years to develop hollows.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090208020558/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/noxweed/noxious-app?sq_content_src=%252BdXJsPWh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYWdyaWMubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRnRvb2xzJTJGdmlld3dlZWQuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%253D%253D&weed_id=28 Noxious weed declaration for NSW]</ref> The camphor content of the leaf litter helps prevent other plants from germinating successfully, helping to ensure the camphor's success against any potentially competing vegetation,{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} and the seeds are attractive to birds and pass intact through the digestive system, ensuring rapid distribution. Camphor laurel invades rainforests and pastures, and also competes against [[eucalyptus]] trees, certain species of which are the sole food source of [[koala]]s.
===
▲{{Main|Camphor}}
▲Camphor is a white crystalline substance, obtained from the tree ''C.
▲===Chemical constituents===
▲The species contains [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[chemical compound]]s in all plant parts, and the wood and leaves are [[steam distillation|steam distilled]] for the [[essential oils]]. Camphor laurel has six different chemical variants called [[chemotype]]s, which are [[camphor]], [[linalool]], 1,8-[[cineole]], [[nerolidol]], [[safrole]], and [[borneol]]. In China, field workers avoid mixing chemotypes when harvesting by their odour.<ref>Hirota, N. and Hiroi, M., 1967. ‘The later studies on the camphor tree, on the leaf oil of each practical form and its utilisation’, ''[[Perfumery and Essential Oil Record]]'' 58,
▲The chemical variants (or chemotypes) seem dependent upon the country of origin of the tree. e.g., ''C.
▲[[File:Keihan Kayashima
▲Introduced to the [[contiguous United States]] around 1875, ''C. camphora'' has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in portions of [[Alabama]], [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Virginia]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[Texas]], and [[South Carolina]].<ref name="nrcs">{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CICA |title=Plants Profile: ''Cinnamomum camphora'' |work=Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> It has been declared a category I [[invasive species]] in Florida.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |url=http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/cinnamomum_camphora.pdf |title=''Cinnamomum camphora'' |author1=Forest Starr |author2=Kim Starr |author3=Lloyd Loope |date=January 2003 |work=United States Geological Survey: Biological Resources Division |publisher=Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project |access-date=12 April 2010}}</ref>
==In culture==
▲Certain trees in Japan are considered sacred. An example of the importance of a [[sacred tree]] is the enshrined 700-year old camphor growing in the middle of [[Kayashima Station]]. Locals protested against moving the tree when the railway station had to be expanded, so the station was built around it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mymodernmet.com/kayashima-station-camphor-tree/|title = Japanese Train Station Protectively Built Around a 700-Year-Old Tree|date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>
▲In Australia, two native butterflies, the [[Chaetocneme porphyropis|purple brown-eye]] and [[Chaetocneme beata|common red-eye]], larval stages feed on camphor despite it being an introduced plant.<ref>Wells, A., Edwards, E.D., Houston, W.W.K., ''Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea,'' Volume 31, CSIRO, 2001.</ref>
==See also==
*
*
{{clear}}
== References ==
Line 65 ⟶ 80:
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q158722}}▼
{{Woodworking}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Naturalized trees of Alabama]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
Line 78 ⟶ 92:
[[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Trees of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Camphora|officinarum]]
| |||