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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{About|the fish|the plant genus|Mallotus (plant)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Speciesbox
| name = Capelin
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The '''capelin''' or '''caplin''' ('''''Mallotus villosus''''') is a small [[forage fish]] of the [[Smelt (fish)|smelt]] family found in the [[North Atlantic]], [[North Pacific]]
Males reach {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} in length, while females are up to {{convert|25.2|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long.<ref name=fishbase/> They are olive-
== Capelin migration ==
[[File:Capelin-iceland.svg|thumb|220px|left|'''Migration of Icelandic capelin'''<br>'''Green shade:''' Feeding area of adults<br>'''Blue shade:''' Distribution of juveniles<br>'''Green arrows:''' Feeding migrations<br>'''Blue arrows:''' Return migrations<br>'''Red shade and Red arrows:''' Spawning migrations, main [[spawn (biology)|spawning grounds]] and [[larval]] drift routes]]▼
[[File:Puffin with capelin.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Atlantic puffin]] with capelin]]▼
▲[[File:Capelin-iceland.svg|thumb|220px|left|'''Migration of Icelandic capelin'''<br />'''Green shade:''' Feeding area of adults<br />'''Blue shade:''' Distribution of juveniles<br />'''Green arrows:''' Feeding migrations<br />'''Blue arrows:''' Return migrations<br />'''Red shade and Red arrows:''' Spawning migrations, main [[spawn (biology)|spawning grounds]]
Capelin populations in the [[Barents Sea]] and around [[Iceland]] perform extensive seasonal [[Fish migration|migrations]]. Barents Sea capelin migrate during winter and early spring to the coast of northern Norway ([[Finnmark]]) and the [[Kola Peninsula]] (Russia) for spawning. During summer and autumn, capelin migrate north- and north-eastward for feeding.<ref name="Gjøsæter">{{Cite journal | volume = 83 | pages = 453–496 | last = Gjøsæter| first = H. | title = The population biology and exploitation of capelin (''Mallotus villosus'') in the Barents Sea | journal = Sarsia | year = 1998 | doi=10.1080/00364827.1998.10420445}}</ref>▼
▲[[File:Puffin with capelin.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Atlantic puffin]] with capelin in its mouth]]
Icelandic capelin move inshore in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] to [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] and migrate in spring and summer to feed in the [[plankton]]-rich oceanic area between Iceland, [[Greenland]], and [[Jan Mayen]]. Capelin distribution and migration is linked with [[ocean current]]s and water masses. Around Iceland, maturing capelin usually undertake extensive northward feeding migrations in spring and summer, and the return migration takes place in September to November. The spawning migration starts from north of Iceland in December to January. In a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recounted their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barbaro | first1 = A. | last2 = Einarsson | first2 = B. | last3 = Birnir | first3 = B. | last4 = Sigurthsson | first4 = S. | last5 = Valdimarsson | first5 = H. | last6 = Palsson | first6 = O. K. | last7 = Sveinbjornsson | first7 = S. | last8 = Sigurthsson | first8 = T. | doi = 10.1093/icesjms/fsp067 | title = Modelling and simulations of the migration of pelagic fish | journal = ICES Journal of Marine Science | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 826 | year = 2009 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref>▼
▲Capelin populations in the [[Barents Sea]] and around [[Iceland]] perform extensive seasonal [[Fish migration|migrations]]. Barents Sea capelin migrate during winter and early spring to the coast of northern Norway ([[Finnmark]]) and the [[Kola Peninsula]] (Russia) for spawning. During summer and autumn, capelin migrate north- and north-eastward for feeding.<ref name="Gjøsæter 1998">{{Cite journal |
▲Icelandic capelin move inshore in large [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] to [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] and migrate in spring and summer to feed in the [[plankton]]-rich oceanic area between Iceland, [[Greenland]], and [[Jan Mayen]]. Capelin distribution and migration is linked with [[ocean current]]s and water masses. Around Iceland, maturing capelin usually undertake extensive northward feeding migrations in spring and summer,
==Reproduction==
As an [[r/K selection theory|r-selected]] species, capelin have a high reproductive potential and an intrinsic population growth rate.<ref name=ICES2005>{{cite journal|title=Capelin (Mallotus villosus) distribution and climate: a sea 'canary' for marine ecosystem change|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|year=2005|volume=62|issue=7|pages=1524–1530|doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.008|doi-access=free|last1=Rose|first1=G.A.}}</ref> They reproduce by [[spawn (biology)|spawning]] and their main spawning season occurs in spring
Studies on two populations of Newfoundland capelin which spawn in two distinct habitats found a lack of evidence of genetic variability between beach and deep-water spawners.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Penton |first=Paulette M. |last2=McFarlane |first2=Craig T. |last3=Spice |first3=Erin K. |last4=Docker |first4=Margaret F. |last5=Davoren |first5=Gail K. |date=5 November 2014 |title=Lack of genetic divergence in capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) spawning at beach versus subtidal habitats in coastal embayments of Newfoundland |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjz-2013-0261 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=377–382 |doi=10.1139/cjz-2013-0261 |issn=0008-4301}}</ref> This provides support for the species being facultative spawners. Capelin may select optimal spawning location based on abiotic factors such as temperature range and sediment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Crook |first=Kevin A. |last2=Maxner |first2=Emily |last3=Davoren |first3=Gail K. |date=2017-07-01 |editor-last=Robert |editor-first=Dominique |title=Temperature-based spawning habitat selection by capelin (Mallotus villosus) in Newfoundland |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/74/6/1622/3066285 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=1622–1629 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsx023 |issn=1054-3139}}</ref> The optimal temperature range for capelin eggs that leads to greatest hatching success and offspring quality appears when eggs are incubated between {{Convert|5 and 10|C}}.<ref name=":2" /> This optimal temperature range provides support that individual capelin are able to select spawning location based on temperature, as temperature is one of the most variable factors between beach and deep-water spawning habitats for capelin.<ref name=":2" /> There is also evidence that shows that temperature is not the only factor at play when it comes to selection of spawning habitat. When both habitats are simultaneously experiencing temperatures in the optimal range, capelin are found to spawn in both habitats.<ref name=":1" /> This may be an advantageous strategy that leads to increased fitness.<ref name=":1" /> Capelin have been observed to spawn at beaches when deep-water or subtidal habitat is lower than {{Convert|2|C}} and spawn in deep-water habitats when beach habitats temperature is consistently above {{Convert|12|C}}.<ref name=":2" />
▲As an [[r/K selection theory|r-selected]] species, capelin have a high reproductive potential and an intrinsic population growth rate.<ref name=ICES2005>{{cite journal|title=Capelin (Mallotus villosus) distribution and climate: a sea 'canary' for marine ecosystem change|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=62|issue=7|pages=1524–1530|doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.05.008}}</ref> They reproduce by [[spawn (biology)|spawning]] and their main spawning season occurs in spring, but can extend into the summer. The majority of capelin is three or four years old when they spawn.<ref name="Gjøsæter"/> The males migrate directly to the shallow water of fjords, where spawning will take place, while the females remain in deeper water until they are completely mature. Once the females are mature, they migrate to the spawning grounds and spawn.<ref name="Friis-Rødel">{{cite journal|title=A review of capelin (''Mallotus villosus'') in Greenland waters|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=59|issue=5|pages=890–896|doi=10.1006/jmsc.2002.1242}}</ref> This process usually takes place at night.<ref name="Gjøsæter"/> In the North European Atlantic spawning typically occurs over sand or gravel at depths of {{convert|2|to(-)|100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},<ref>Muus, B., J. G. Nielsen, P. Dahlstrom and B. Nystrom (1999). ''Sea Fish.'' pp. 98–99. {{ISBN|8790787005}}</ref> but in the North Pacific and waters off [[Newfoundland]] most spawn on beaches, jumping as far up land as possible, with some managing to strand themselves in the process.<ref name=ICES2005/><ref>Polar Life Canada: [http://www.polarlife.ca/organisms/fish/marine/smelt/capelin.htm Capelin, Mallotus villosus.] Retrieved 20 August 2016.</ref> Although some other fish species leave their eggs in locations that dry out (a few, such as [[Porichthys notatus|plainfin midshipman]], may even remain on land with the eggs during low tide) or on plants above the water ([[splash tetra]]s), jumping onto land ''[[en masse]]'' to spawn is unique to the capelin, [[grunion]]s, and [[grass puffer]].<ref>Roland, T. (9 April 2010). [http://www.independent.com/news/2010/apr/09/running-grunion/ Running with the Grunion.] The Independent. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</ref><ref>Martin, K.L.M. (2014). ''Beach-Spawning Fishes: Reproduction in an Endangered Ecosystem''. CRC Press. {{ISBN|978-1482207972}}.</ref> After the female capelins have spawned, they immediately leave the spawning grounds and can spawn again in the following years if they survive. The males do not leave the spawning grounds and potentially spawn more than once throughout the season.<ref name="Friis-Rødel"/> Male capelin are considered to be [[semelparity and iteroparity|semelparous]] because they die soon after the spawning season is over.<ref name="Gjøsæter"/>
== Diet ==
Capelin are planktivorous fishes that forage in the pelagic zone.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=McNicholl |first=D. G. |last2=Walkusz |first2=W. |last3=Davoren |first3=G. K. |last4=Majewski |first4=A. R. |last5=Reist |first5=J. D. |date=27 November 2015 |title=Dietary characteristics of co-occurring polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Canadian Arctic, Darnley Bay |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-015-1834-5 |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1099–1108 |doi=10.1007/s00300-015-1834-5 |issn=0722-4060|hdl=1993/31778 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Studies analyzing diet in populations of capelin in both the arctic marine environment as well as in west Greenland waters show that their diet consists upon primarily euphausiids, amphipods, and copepods.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hedeholm |first=R. |last2=Grønkjær |first2=P. |last3=Rysgaard |first3=S. |date=24 June 2012 |title=Feeding ecology of capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) in West Greenland waters |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-012-1193-4 |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=1533–1543 |doi=10.1007/s00300-012-1193-4 |issn=0722-4060}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> As capelin individuals grow, the composition of their diet changes.<ref name=":4" /> Smaller capelin primarily consume smaller prey (copepods) and shift their diet towards feeding on primarily larger euphausiids and amphipods as body and gape size increases.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The sufficient distribution and abundance of these zooplankton is necessary for capelin to meet energy requirements for progressing through many stages of their life cycle.<ref name=":3" /> Capelin occupy a similar dietary niche as polar cod, which leads to a potential for interspecific competition between the two species.<ref name=":3" />{{clear}}
==Fisheries==
[[File:Time series for global capture of capelin.png|thumb|400px|right|
Capelin is an important [[forage fish]], and is essential as the key food of the [[Atlantic cod]]. The northeast Atlantic cod and capelin fisheries, therefore, are managed by a multispecies approach developed by the main resource owners Norway and Russia.
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In some years with large quantities of [[Atlantic herring]] in the [[Barents Sea]], capelin seem to be heavily affected. Probably both food competition and herring feeding on capelin larvae lead to collapses in the capelin stock. In some years, though good recruitment of capelin despite a high herring biomass suggests that herring are only one factor influencing capelin dynamics.
In the provinces of [[Quebec]] (particularly in the [[Gaspé peninsula]]) and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] in Canada, it is a regular summertime practice for locals to go to the [[beach]] and scoop the capelin up in nets or whatever is available, as the capelin "roll in" in the millions each year at the end of May or in early June.<ref>{{cite news|title=They're Back: Capelin are Rolling at Middle Cove Beach|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/they-re-back-capelin-are-rolling-at-middle-cove-beach-1.3145041
Commercially, capelin is used for [[fish meal]] and [[fish oil|oil]] industry products, but is also appreciated as food. The flesh is agreeable in
==
{{Reflist
== General and cited references==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184319/http://www.imr.no/events/norwegian_russian_symposium/1-Wednesday/1We_1040.pdf Capelin off Iceland: Biology, exploitation and management]
* {{Grocers|title=Capelin}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q143359}}
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[[Category:Canadian cuisine]]▼
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1776]]▼
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
▲[[Category:Canadian cuisine]]
[[Category:Greenlandic cuisine]]
[[Category:Osmeridae]]
▲[[Category:Fish described in 1776]]
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