Content deleted Content added
→External links: try something Tag: Reverted |
Ira Leviton (talk | contribs) m Fixed a reference. Please see Category:CS1 errors: dates. |
||
(46 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown) | |||
Line 9:
| ImageFile2 = Chlordecone Kepone 3D.png
| ImageSize2 = 120px
| IUPACName = decachloropentacyclo[5.3.0.0<sup>2.6</sup>.0<sup>3.9</sup>.0<sup>4.8</sup>]decan-5-one<ref>[https://archive.
| OtherNames = Chlordecone<br>Clordecone<br>Merex<br />
CAS name: <small>1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-decachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalen-2-one</small>
Line 64:
}}
'''
==
It is also the main degradation product of [[mirex]].<ref name=Ullmann2/>
Kepone has been found to act as an [[agonist]] of the [[GPER]] (GPR30).<ref name="ProssnitzBarton2014">{{cite journal|last1=Prossnitz|first1=Eric R.|last2=Barton|first2=Matthias|title=Estrogen biology: New insights into GPER function and clinical opportunities|journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology|volume=389|issue=1–2|year=2014|pages=71–83|issn=0303-7207|doi=10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.002|pmid=24530924|pmc=4040308}}</ref>▼
== History ==
In the
The product is made in a [[Diels-Alder]] reaction shared with pesticides like [[chlordane]] and [[endosulfan]].<ref name=Ullmann2/> Chlordecone is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for [[Gerald Ford]]'s half-hearted approval in 1976 of the [[Toxic Substances Control Act]], which "remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed".<ref name="hanson07">{{cite journal |last1=Hanson |first1=David J. |title=Those Were The Days |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |date=15 January 2007 |volume=85 |issue=3 |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i3/Those-Days.html |publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044 }}</ref>
The history of Kepone incidents are reviewed in ''Who's Poisoning America?: Corporate Polluters and Their Victims in the Chemical Age'' (1982).▼
==Regulation==
In 2009, Kepone was included in the [[Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants]], which bans its production and use worldwide.<ref name= "COP4, 2009 Press release"/>▼
In the US, Chlordecone was not federally regulated until after the Hopewell disaster, in which 29 factory workers were hospitalized with various ailments, including [[neurological]].<ref name=foster05>Richard Foster, [https://richmondmagazine.com/news/kepone-disaster-pesticide/ Kepone: The 'Flour' Factory], ''Richmond Magazine'' (July 8, 2005).</ref>
In France it was banned on the mainland only, in 1993.<ref name="rapport"/>
▲In 2009,
====James River estuary====▼
In July 1975,<ref name="ssv">{{cite news |last1=SUGAWARA |first1=SANDRA |title=Virginia’s James River Still Is Choked With Pesticide Contamination |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-25-mn-14199-story.html |agency=Washington Post |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=25 October 1985}}</ref> [[Virginia]] Governor [[Mills Godwin Jr.]] shut down the [[James River]] to fishing for 100 miles, from [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] to the [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref name=foster05/> This ban remained in effect for 13 years, until efforts to clean up the river began to show results.<ref name="Cooksey">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140520042033/http://www.richmondmagazine.com/articles/whats-in-the-water-11-09-2008.html Jack Cooksey, "What's in the Water?"], ''Richmond Magazine'', June 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2012.</ref>▼
On March 14, 2024, the [[French National Assembly]] assumed responsibility for the chlordecone contamination affecting populations in Martinique and Guadeloupe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Resiere |first=Dabor |last2=Lapostolle |first2=Fréderic |last3=Florentin |first3=Jonathan |last4=Banydeen |first4=Rishika |last5=Gueye |first5=Papa |last6=Pujo |first6=Jean |last7=Mégarbane |first7=Bruno |last8=Kallel |first8=Hatem |last9=Névière |first9=Rémi |date=June 2024 |title=A health strategy for chlordecone (Kepone) exposure in the French Territories of America |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00883-3 |journal=The Lancet |volume=403 |issue=10443 |pages=2481–2482 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00883-3 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>
== Toxicology ==
Chlordecone can accumulate in the liver and the distribution in the human body is regulated by binding of the pollutant or its metabolites to [[Lipoprotein|lipoproteins]] like [[Low-density lipoprotein|LDL]] and [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delannoy |first1=Matthieu |last2=Girardet |first2=Jean-Michel |last3=Djelti |first3=Fathia |last4=Yen |first4=Frances T. |last5=Cakir-Kiefer |first5=Céline |title=Affinity of chlordecone and chlordecol for human serum lipoproteins |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology |date=1 November 2020 |volume=80 |pages=103486 |doi=10.1016/j.etap.2020.103486 |pmid=32891758 |s2cid=221523766 |url=https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-02925906/file/Delannoy%20et%20al.%20draft%20sent%20to%20editorial%20preprint%281%29.pdf }}</ref> The LC<sub>50</sub> (LC = lethal concentration) is 35 μg/ L for ''[[Etroplus maculatus]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asifa |first1=K. P. |last2=Chitra |first2=K. C. |year=2013 |title=Determination of median lethal concentration (LC50) and behavioral effects of chlordecone in the cichlid fish, Etroplus maculatus |journal=International Journal of Science and Research |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1473–1475 |url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i3/SUB152402.pdf }}</ref> 22–95 μg/kg for [[blue gill]] and [[trout]]. Chlordecone [[bioaccumulate]]s in animals by factors up to a million-fold.
Workers with repeated exposure suffer severe [[convulsions]] resulting from degradation of the [[synaptic junctions]].<ref name=Ullmann2/>
Chronic low level exposure appears to cause [[prostate cancer]] in men,<ref name="multigner16">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.purol.2015.08.080|title=Exposition au chlordécone et cancer de la prostate. Interactions avec les gènes codants pour les œstrogènes|year=2015|last1=Brureau|first1=L.|last2=Emeville|first2=E.|last3=Ferdinand|first3=S.|last4=Thome|first4=J.|last5=Romana|first5=M.|last6=Blanchet|first6=P.|last7=Multigner|first7=L.|journal=Progrès en Urologie|volume=25|issue=13|page=755|pmid=26544275}}</ref> and "significant excesses of deaths were observed for [[stomach cancer]] in women and [[pancreatic cancer]] in women".<ref name="multigner20">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11356-019-06481-4|title=A cohort study of banana plantation workers in the French West Indies: First mortality analysis (2000–2015)|year=2020|last1=Luce|first1=Danièle|last2=Dugas|first2=Julien|last3=Vaidie|first3=Amandine|last4=Michineau|first4=Léah|last5=El-Yamani|first5=Mounia|last6=Multigner|first6=Luc|journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research|volume=27|issue=33|pages=41014–41022|pmid=31621027|s2cid=204707528|url=https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02355983/file/Luce2019_ESPR.pdf}}</ref>
▲
==Incidents==
▲The history of
▲In July 1975,<ref name="ssv">{{cite news |last1=SUGAWARA |first1=SANDRA |title=
Due to the pollution risks, many fishermen, marinas, seafood businesses, and restaurants, along with their employees along the river suffered economic losses. In 1981, a large group of these entities sued [[Allied chemical|Allied Chemical]] in federal district court ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|Eastern District of Virginia]]), claiming special economic damages from Allied's negligent damage to the fish and wildlife.<ref>''Pruitt v. Allied Chemical Corp.'', [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/523/975/2298321/ 523 F. Supp. 975] (E.D. Va. 1981).</ref> In a case that sometimes appears in law school courses on Remedies, the court rejected the traditional "economic-loss rule", which requires physical impact causing personal injury or property damage to receive economic damages, and instead allowed a limited group of the plaintiffs—the fishing boat owners, the marinas, and the bait and tackle shops—to recover economic damages from Allied Chemical.
===
The French
== In popular culture ==
* [[Kepone (band)|Kepone]] was the name of an American indie rock band from [[Richmond, Virginia]] formed in 1991.
* The [[Dead Kennedys]] recorded a song named "Kepone Factory", a satire of the controversy surrounding Allied Signal and their negligence regarding employee safety, for their 1981 album ''[[In God We Trust, Inc.]]''.
▲Kepone is made by dimerizing [[hexachlorocyclopentadiene]] and hydrolyzing to a ketone.<ref>Survey of Industrial Chemistry by Philip J. Chenier (2002), p. 484.</ref>
==References==
Line 120 ⟶ 134:
[[Category:Xenoestrogens]]
[[Category:Cyclobutanes]]
[[Category:1975 disasters in the United States
[[Category:1975 in the environment]]
[[Category:Neurotoxins]]
[[Category:Presidency of Gerald Ford]]
|