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#Redirect [[Hollow Earth]]
{{Short description|Concept developed by ufologists}}
The '''cryptoterrestrial hypothesis''', also referred to as '''[[wikt:intraterrestrials|intraterrestrial]]''',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitesel |first1=Brad |title=Walter Siegmeister's Inner-Earth Utopia |journal=Utopian Studies |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=92-93 |jstor=20718317 }}</ref> or '''inner-earth''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Jerome |title=Extraordinary Encounters An Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrials and Otherworldly Beings |date=2000 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-249-5 |page=123, 153 |url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/19/items/ExtraordinaryEncounters_201809/Extraordinary%20Encounters.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref> proposes that [[Unidentified flying object|unidentified flying objects]] are a sign of a [[Technological singularity|technologically]] advanced population living on Earth alongside humans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riley |first1=Neal |title=Aliens could be "walking among us" on Earth, Harvard researchers suggest |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/ufos-aliens-harvard-uap-cryptoterrestrial-hypothesis/ |agency=[[CBS]] |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=July 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tangermann |first1=Victor |title=Harvard Scientists Say There May Be an Unknown, Technologically Advanced Civilization Hiding on Earth |url=https://futurism.com/harvard-scientists-unknown-civilization-cryptoterrestrials |publisher=[[Futurism (disambiguation)|Futurism.com]] |access-date=June 13, 2024 |date=June 11, 2024}}</ref> The idea has been around since the beginning of the [[20th century]] and was associated with the [[Shaver Mystery|Shaver mystery]] and [[Walter Siegmeister]]. It underwent several reformulations, most notoriously by American journalist [[John_Keel#Rejection_of_Extraterrestrial_hypothesis|John Keel]], French scientist and ufologist [[Jacques Vallée]] and American novelist and blogger [[Mac Tonnies]]. It is often associated with the concept of a [[Hollow Earth]] and the [[Silurian hypothesis]], however the three are not equivalent.
This hypothesis is considered [[pseudoscientific]], like other topics discussed under [[cryptozoology]] and [[Identification studies of UFOs|ufology]]. Furthermore, in spite of its early popularity, the concept that UFOs could be indigenous to planet Earth is considered unconventional even amongst ufologists.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tonnies |first1=Mac |title=The Cryptoterrestrials - A Meditation on Indigenous Humanoids and the Aliens Among Us |date=March 2010 |publisher=Anomalist Books |isbn=9781933665467 |pages=35 |edition=1st |url=https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mac%20Tonnies%20-%20The%20Cryptoterrestials.pdf |access-date=Jan 10, 2024 |quote=This book documents a most unconventional slant on the enduring UFO mystery.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lomas |last2=Masters |last3=Case |first1=Tim |first2=Brendan |first3=Michael |date=Jan 7, 2024 |title=The cryptoterrestrial hypothesis: A case for scientific openness to a subterranean earthly explanation for Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31670.27208/1 |doi-access=free |edition=Preprint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=X |first1=Ram |title=UAP and the Trickster Phenomenon |date=July 2023 |url=https://forteanwinds.com/2023/07/01/uap-and-the-trickster-phenomenon/#:~:text=Trickster%20phenomenon%20as%20a%20strategy%20or%20pastime%20of%20a%20crypto%2Dterrestrial%20species |publisher=Fortean Winds |access-date=Jan 22, 2024|quote=However, there is also a third minority class of hypothesis: an unconventional terrestrial explanation, outside the prevailing consensus view of the universe}}</ref>
{{ufo}}
==History of the concept==
===Folklore and ufology===
Unusual phenomena in the heavens have been observed and reported since [[List_of_reported_UFO_sightings#Antiquity|ancient times]], including flying ships,<ref>{{cite web |author=Livy |author-link=Livy |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.%2021.62&lang=original |title=The History of Rome, Book 21, Chapter 62 |access-date=Dec 29, 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923170442/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.%2021.62&lang=original |url-status=live}} ([[Ab Urbe Condita Libri]])</ref><ref name="nasa">{{cite journal |last=Stothers |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Stothers |title=Unidentified Flying Objects in Classical Antiquity |journal=[[The Classical Journal]] |date=Nov 2007 |volume=103 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Classical Association of the Middle West and South|The Classical Association of the Middle West and South]], Inc. (CAMWS) |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Stothers_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022014623/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Stothers_2.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Jeffrey Jerome |title=Elemental Ecocriticism: Thinking with Earth, Air, Water, and Fire |date=2015 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1452945675 |editor-last1=Cohen |editor-first1=Jeffrey Jerome |location=Minneapolis |quote-page=108 |quote=The Annals of Ulster, for example, laconically state that 'ships with their crews were seen in the air.' |chapter=The Sea Above |access-date=18 May 2022 |editor-last2=Duckert |editor-first2=Lowell |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTB0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326191932/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTB0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chariot|chariots]]<ref name="nasa" /> and [[The Spaceships of Ezekiel|wheels]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elijah Muhammad |title=The Mother Plane |date=November 6, 2008 |publisher=Secretarius Memps Publications |isbn=9781884855894 |pages=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brWrPST-_LsC |author1-link=Elijah Muhammad }}</ref> moving lights and "circles of fire",<ref name="Vallee-Aubek">{{cite book |last1=Vallee |first1=Jacques |last2=Aubek |first2=Chris |title=Wonders in the Sky: Unexplained Aerial Objects from Antiquity to Modern Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XINLC2ubHqwC&dq=Tulli+Papyrus+%2B+hoax&pg=PT347 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-101-44472-6 |via=books.google.co.uk |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |access-date=Dec 29, 2023 |author-link=Jacques Vallée |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326191943/https://books.google.com/books?id=XINLC2ubHqwC&dq=Tulli+Papyrus+%2B+hoax&pg=PT347 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/4864521 |title=A Royal Star: On the "Miracle of the Star" in Thutmoses III's Gebel Barkal Stela and a Note on the King as a Star in Personal Names |journal=[[Revue d'Égyptologie]] |volume=64 |date=2013 |pages=231–248 |last=Winkler |first=Andreas |location=Paris |publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]] |access-date=Dec 29, 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100304/https://www.academia.edu/4864521 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''[https://collections.mfa.org/objects/145121 Victory stele of Thutmose III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604155337/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/145121 |date=4 June 2023 }}'', excavated by the Harvard University – Museum of Fine Arts Expedition in Sudan, Gebel Barkal, (19 January 1920). Assigned to the MFA, Boston (1 August 1923), 23.733. </ref> and more recently “[[Mystery airship|anachronistic airships]]”. Historically, these [[Religion in ancient Rome#Omens and prodigies|prodigies]] were seen as [[Omen|omens]], [[angel|angelic apparitions]] and [[Divine intervention|divine acts]]. Some aspects of the Jewish [[Midrash]] have been reinterpreted as related to extraterrestrials.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rogovoy |first1=Seth |title=The secret Jewish history of UFOs (and why Ezekiel might have had a close encounter) |website=[[The Forward]] |date=Feb 3, 2023 |orig-date=Jun 27, 2001 |url=https://forward.com/culture/470977/the-secret-jewish-history-of-ufos-and-why-ezekiel-might-have-had-a-close/ |access-date=Jan 17, 2024}}</ref>
Stories and legends about beings living underground, underwater and in the sky are present in folklore, mythologies and religions all around the world. The concept of a physical [[underworld]] shifted throughout the ages, adapting and evolving into an entire corpus of [[subterranean fiction]] and speculations about a hollow earth, the idea that the planet’s interior is either completely hollow or harbors a system of caverns and tunnels.<ref name="cody">{{cite magazine |last1=Cottier |first1=Cody |title=Hollow Earth: A Journey Through 3 Centuries of Conspiracy Theory |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/hollow-earth-a-journey-through-3-centuries-of-conspiracy-theory |access-date=Jan 17, 2024 |publisher=[[Kalmbach Media]] |magazine=[[Discover Magazine]] |date=August 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barkun |title=[[A Culture of Conspiracy]] |date=2003 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-23805-2 |page=207 |edition=1st}}</ref> Although largely abandoned by the scientific establishment, the hollow earth theory was integrated into [[UFO religion|UFO religions]] and [[UFO conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]] related to flying saucers with underground origins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tonnies |first1=Mac |title=The Cryptoterrestrials - A Meditation on Indigenous Humanoids and the Aliens Among Us |date=March 2010 |publisher=Anomalist Books |isbn=9781933665467 |pages=128 |url=https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mac%20Tonnies%20-%20The%20Cryptoterrestials.pdf |access-date=Jan 10, 2024 |quote=The image of a “Hollow Earth” populated by beings remarkably like ourselves is by no means new, yet the modern UFO phenomenon has infused it with a newly conspiratorial vigor. |edition=1st}}</ref>
In his 1964 essay ''The Nonprevalence of Humanoids'', American Paleontologist [[George Gaylord Simpson]] claimed that the probabilities that, if they existed, [[extraterrestrials]] life forms would be [[anthropomorphic]] are very low.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simpson |first1=George Gaylord |title=The Nonprevalence of Humanoids |journal=Science |date=1964 |volume=143 |issue=3608 |pages= 769–775 |doi=10.1126/science.143.3608.769 |jstor=1712603 |pmid=17782833 |bibcode=1964Sci...143..769G |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1712603 |access-date=July 14, 2023}}</ref> Alongside the view on the [[implausibility]] of humanoid aliens by [[evolutionary biologist]] [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], Simpson's article was discussed in ''[[Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication|Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communication]]'' a popular collection of essays edited by astrobiologist [[Douglas Vakoch]] and published by [[NASA]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vakoch |first1=Douglas |title=Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication |date=2014 |publisher=NASA |isbn=978-1-62683-013-4 |pages=190–200 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Archaeology_Anthropology_and_Interstellar_Communication_TAGGED.pdf}}</ref> Biologist [[Jack Cohen (scientist)|Jack Cohen]] argued that the classic [[Grey alien]] reported in relation to alleged [[alien abduction]], [[Close encounter#Hynek's scale|close encounters]] and [[contactees]] reports, is unlikley to be an extraterrestrial species.<ref name="CohenStewart2002">{{cite book|first1=Jack|last1=Cohen|first2=Ian|last2=Stewart|title=Evolving the Alien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzMdNQAACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=978-0-09-187927-3}}</ref>
Computer scientist Jacques Vallée and journalist [[John Keel#Rejection of Extraterrestrial hypothesis|John Keel]] has written about terrestrial origins for UFOs<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keel |first1=John A. |title=Our Haunted Planet |date=1971 |publisher=[[Fawcett Publications]] |isbn=9781515081937 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9BaAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name="keel">{{cite book |last1=Keel |first1=John A. |title=The Cosmic Question |date=1978 |publisher=[[Panther Books]] |isbn=9780586047118 |page=158-159 |url=https://pearl-hifi.com/06_Lit_Archive/14_Books_Tech_Papers/Keel_John/The_Cosmic_Question.pdf |access-date=Dec 14, 2023}}</ref> [[Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon#Journey|UFO abduction reports]] often include underwater or underground journeys to futuristic-looking cities and alien environments, populated by advanced humanoid beings.<ref>Bullard, Thomas E. "The Rarer Abduction Episodes." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. ''Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference''. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press. pp. 72–74.</ref> Political scientist and professor [[Michael Barkun]] reports that in some theories UFOs built these bases underground for security reasons but remain fundamentally extraterrestrial in origin, in other cases they are believed to be native to the inner-earth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barkun |title=[[A Culture of Conspiracy]] |date=2003 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-23805-2 |page=110 |edition=1st}}</ref>
The concept of UFOs coming from inside Earth has been associated with legends of [[Lemuria|Lemurian]] and [[Atlantis|Atlantidean]] cities under [[Legends_of_Mount_Shasta#Lemuria|Mount Shasta]] and other locations,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Richard R. |title=The Truth Behind the Legends of Mt. Shasta |date=1976 |publisher=Carlton Press, Inc |location=New York |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Christopher Doyon]] |author2=Scott Corrales |author3=Dennis Crenshaw |author4=[[Brad Steiger]] |title=[[The Smoky God]] and Other Inner Earth Mysteries |date=1993 |publisher=New Brunswick: Inner Light Publications |isbn=9781606111574 |page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckley |first1=Timothy Green |title=Subterranean Worlds Inside Earth |date=1992 |publisher=Inner Light - Global Communications |isbn=9780938294221 |pages=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAsXAQAACAAJ |access-date=Jan 17, 2024}}</ref> as well as [[New Swabia]], [[Nazi UFO]] conspiracy theories of [[New_Swabia#Conspiracy_theories|secret bases]] in [[Antarctica]], and [[Esoteric Nazism]] in general, all of which have been largely debunked.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summerhayes |last2=Beeching |first1=Colin |first2=Peter |title=Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality |journal=Cambridge University Press |date=Jan 16, 2007 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S003224740600578X |bibcode=2007PoRec..43....1S |s2cid=27749390 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/hitlers-antarctic-base-the-myth-and-the-reality/56465FFEA98E416F559C7F02AB20CE19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitfield |first1=John |title=Did Hitler have a base in the Antarctic? |journal=Nature |date=March 30, 2007 |pages=news070326–14 |doi=10.1038/news070326-14 |s2cid=162206787 |url=https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070326/full/news070326-14.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bartels |first1=Meghan |title=Hollow Earth Conspiracy Theory Says Planet Is Filled With Aliens and Nazis—But It Isn't |url=https://www.newsweek.com/hollow-earth-conspiracy-theory-says-planet-filled-aliens-and-nazis-it-isnt-759113 |access-date=Jan 22, 2024 |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |date=Dec 26, 2017}}</ref> Canadian [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]] [[Ernst Zündel|Ernst Zundel]] advanced the idea that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] and his Last Battalion had fled to Argentina, then to Antarctica, where they entered the hollow Earth and dedicated all their resources to the construction of advanced technology which came to be known as UFOs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Jerome |date=2000 |title=Extraordinary Encounters - An Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrials and Otherworldly Beings |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-249-5 |page=123 |url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/19/items/ExtraordinaryEncounters_201809/Extraordinary%20Encounters.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barkun |title=[[A Culture of Conspiracy]] |date=2003 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-23805-2 |page=142 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zundel |first1=Ernst |title=UFOs Nazi Secret Weapons? |date=August 12, 1974 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=9781517070274}}</ref>
Author and [[film-maker]] Owen Egerton claims that conspiracy theories involving the hollow Earth and advanced civilization can be dangerous in a [[Post-truth_politics#United_States|post-truth era]].<ref>{{cite news |author=David Barr Kirtley |title=The Hollow Earth Theory Isn't So Funny Anymore |url=https://www.wired.com/2020/12/geeks-guide-owen-egerton/ |access-date=Jan 17, 2024 |work=[[Geek's Guide to the Galaxy]] |issue=Episode 444 |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=Dec 11, 2020 |author1-link=David Barr Kirtley }}</ref>
====The Shaver Mystery====
{{Main|1947 flying disc craze#Esoteric}}
[[File:Amazing0647.jpg|thumb|The June 1947 issue of ''Amazing Stories'' featured the "Shaver Mystery", the alleged account of an advanced subterranean civilization that kidnapped and tortured people from the Earth's surface]]
The science fiction [[pulp magazine]] ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "[[Richard Sharpe Shaver#The Shaver Mystery|The Shaver Mystery]]". The magazine's editor, [[Raymond A. Palmer|Ray Palmer]], ran a series of stories by [[Richard Sharpe Shaver]], claiming that a [[silurian hypothesis|superior pre-historic race]] had built a [[honeycomb]] of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Deros", still live there, using extraordinary machines abandoned by the ancient race to torment surface-dwellers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMtqtZMoNYC |title=War over Lemuria: Richard Shaver, Ray Palmer and the Strangest Chapter of 1940s Science Fiction |first=Richard |last=Toronto |date=April 25, 2013 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |isbn=9780786473076 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Later, Shaver formulated different scenarios to account for the origin of UFOs, including raids from other planets as well as from inside the Earth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Barkun |title=[[A Culture of Conspiracy]] |date=2003 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-23805-2 |page=117 |edition=1st}}</ref> Similarly, Palmer promoted the extraterrestrial hypothesis for a few years, until he re-engaged with the idea of UFOs from the Hollow Earth in his magazine ''Flying Saucers'' (1957-1975).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Steven |title=How to Make the Most of a Flying Saucer Experience |date=1998 |publisher=Top Hat Press |isbn=0-912509-07-4 |page=20, 21 |url=http://www.professorsolomon.com/graphics/flyingsaucerexperience.pdf |access-date=Jan 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Catoe |first1=Lynn E. |title=UFOs And Related Subjects: An Annotated Bibliography |date=June 11, 1969 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] |page=123 |edition=AFOSR67-0002 and 68-0003 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0688332.pdf |access-date=Jan 16, 2024 |chapter=Library of Congress card catalog N° 68-62196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |title=A Culture of Conspiracy Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520956520 |pages=117, 121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn213R48e2YC |access-date=Nov 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Martin |author-link1=Martin Gardner |title=The New Age - Notes of a Fringe Watcher |date=1998 |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=9780879754327 |page=214}}</ref> In 1958, he stated his belief that UFOs were not from some other planet but rather "a secret civilizations with paraphysical or psychic ties to the human race".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keel |first1=John |title=Operation Trojan Horse |date=1970 |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons|Putnam]] |location=United States |isbn=978-0962653469 |page=38 |url=http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420102608/http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf |access-date=Nov 23, 2023|archive-date=2013-04-20 }}</ref> Both Shaver and his editor and publisher Palmer claimed that, behind the fictional embellishments, his stories were fundamentally true, which made the whole event extremely controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael |title=A Culture of Conspiracy Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520956520 |pages=32, 121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn213R48e2YC |access-date=Nov 23, 2023}}</ref>
Shaver's accounts are considered [[hoax]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Mike Dash |last1=Dash |first1=Mike |title=Borderlands The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown |date=November 7, 2000 |publisher=[[Overlook Press]] |isbn=9780440614166 |page=227-228}}</ref> It has been speculated that the Shaver Mystery may have influenced modern conspiracies such as those related to underground alien bases related to the [[Majestic 12]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bould |first1=Mark |title=Close Encounters, near Miss - Review of Knowledge and the Production of Nonknowledge: An Exploration of Alien Mythology in Post-War America, by Mark Featherstone |journal=Science Fiction Studies |date=March 2004 |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=143-146 |jstor=4241238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Featherstone |first1=Mark |title=Knowledge and the Production of Nonknowledge: An Exploration of Alien Mythology in Post-War America |date=2002 |publisher=[[Hampton Roads Publishing Company]] |location=[[Indiana University]] |isbn=9781572733794}}</ref> as well as groups like [[QAnon]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guffey |first1=Robert |title=The deep, twisted roots of QAnon: From 1940s sci-fi to 19th-century anti-Masonic agitprop |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/ |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |work=Salon |date=Aug 23, 2020}}</ref> Skeptic [[Daniel Loxton]] criticized the Shaver Mystery and Palmer's view on the subject.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daniel Loxton |title=The fantastical hollow earth II |journal=[[Skeptic]] |date=2015 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=65 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A419147478/AONE?u=anon~887ce8d3&sid=googleScholar&xid=99851267 |access-date=Jan 17, 2024 |publisher=[[Gale|Gale (publisher)]] |location=[[Altadena, CA]] |author1-link=Daniel Loxton }}</ref>
====Raymond Bernard====
The modern version of the hypothesis is generally ascribed to the 1964 book by Dr. [[Raymond W. Bernard|Raymond Bernard]] ''The Hollow Earth'',<ref name="Reece">{{cite book |last=Reece |first=Gregory L. |title=UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture |publisher=I.B. Tauris |date=20 Aug 2007 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MAAwAAQBAJ&q=UFO+Religion%3A+Inside+Flying+Saucer+Cults+and+Culture+%22trevor+james+constable%22&pg=PA17 |isbn=9780857717634}}</ref> based on his earlier book ''Flying Saucers from the Earth's Interior'',<ref name="lewis">James R. Lewis, ''The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions'', ([[Prometheus Books]], 2002), {{ISBN|9781615927388}}, p. 399. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lk8_ARNz-dYC&dq=%22Walter+Siegmeister%22&pg=PA399 Excerpts available] at [[Google Books]].</ref> Dr Bernard is credited for marrying the Hollow Earth theory with [[UFO religion|beliefs about UFOs]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Folk |first1=Holly |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |date=22 Feb 2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004435537 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000024.xml |chapter=Chapter 13 Raymond W. Bernard, Hollow Earth, and UFOs}}</ref> although his work is generally treated as [[pseudoscience]].<ref>Regal, Brian. (2009). ''Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia''. Greenwood. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0-313-35507-3}}</ref> Bernard drew inspiration from a book found in a bookstore in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] named ''From the Subterranean World to the Sky: Flying Saucers'' by Orlando Carlomagno Huguenin, who in turn, received his information about flying saucers and the inner Earth from members of the Brazilian Eubiose Society (formerly Brazilian Theosophical Society).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Orsi |first1=Carlos |title=Hollow Earth flying saucers: the bossa-nova of pseudoscience |url=https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2022/09/hollow-earth-flying-saucers-the-bossa-nova-of-pseudoscience/ |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |work=[[The Skeptic (British magazine)|The Skeptic]] |date=September 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name="whitesel">{{cite journal |last1=Whitesel |first1=Brad |title=Walter Siegmeister's Inner-Earth Utopia |journal=Utopian Studies |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=92-93 |jstor=20718317}}</ref>
During his years living in Brazil, Bernard furthered his research and theories about UFOs emerging from tunnels leading to the hollow earth, which he claimed were present in Brazil.<ref name="whitesel" /><ref name="lewis" /> In his book ''The Hollow Earth'', he writes that these beings had reached the interior of the planet by piloting mythological aircraft known as [[vimana]]s through openings near the [[Polar regions of Earth|Earth's poles]], using them to travel between different points of the [[Earth's interior]], and that only after the [[atomic explosion]] at [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]] during [[World War II]] they resurfaced, leading to the [[1947 flying disc craze]].<ref name="Reece"/> Siegmeister's hollow earth ideas are mentioned in detail in Alan Baker's ''[[Invisible Eagle]]''.<ref>Baker, Alan. (2000). ''Invisible Eagle: The History of Nazi Occultism''. Virgin Books. {{ISBN|978-1852278632}}</ref>
===Modern popularization===
After Bernard's work in Brazil, the theory of the [[Subterranea_(geography)|subterranean]] origin of the flying saucers was popularized in the [[United States]], also thanks to Palmer's magazine “Flying Saucers”.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Raymond A. |title=Agharta, the Subterranean World |date=June 1986 |publisher=Society of Metaphysicians Limited |isbn=9780787300999 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9axlkUd-fUC |access-date=Nov 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Ray |title=Saucers from Earth! A challenge to secrecy |url=https://archive.org/details/FS195912/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=Nov 20, 2023 |issue=27 |publisher=Flying Saucers |date=December 1959}}</ref>
In his [[1956]] book ''[[They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers]]'' and on “The Saucerian Bulletin” author [[Gray Barker]] reproposed various stories and concepts related to the Shaver Mystery, [[Men in black]], UFOs and Inner Earth,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mckee |first1=Gabriel |title=A Contactee Canon: Gray Barker's Saucerian Books |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/63886/2/Contactee%20Canon%20-%20Barker%27s%20Saucerian%20Publications%20-%20Final%20revision.pdf |website=nyu.edu |publisher=[[New York University]] |access-date=December 11, 2023 |page=5, 10, 14 |date=August 28, 2018}}</ref> a connection also explored by [[Albert K. Bender]] in his 1962 volume ''Flying Saucers and the Three Men''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albert K. Bender |title=Flying Saucers and the Three Men |date=1962 |publisher=Saucerian Books |location=[[University of California]] |pages=194 |url=https://www.librarything.com/work/198524 |access-date=Jan 16, 2024 |quote=Were these MIB and spacemen from outer space, Inner Earth, or agents of some terrestrial government? Why did they have a secret base underneath the ice of the Antarctica? |author1-link=Albert K. Bender }}</ref>
In 1961 American UFO commentator [[James W. Moseley]] admitted that the journal Saucer News favoured the terrestrial origin of flying saucers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=James W. Moseley |author1-link=James W. Moseley |title=Editorial |journal=Saucer News |date=June 1961 |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=2 (86) |url=https://digitalcollections.uwyo.edu/ahcpublic/UFO/ah09554_5_2.pdf |access-date=Jan 17, 2024 |quote=we have long favored a terrestrial solution to the flying saucer mystery}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=James W. Moseley |department=Letters to the editor |title=Book Review of Flying Saucers and the Straight Line Mystery by Aimé Michel |journal=Saucer News |date=1958–1959 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=4 (104), 8 (108) |url=https://digitalcollections.uwyo.edu/ahcpublic/UFO/ah09554_5_1.pdf |access-date=Jan 17, 2024 |author1-link=James W. Moseley }}</ref> He debated the same idea with [[talk radio]] show host [[Long_John_Nebel#UFOs|Long John Nebel]] in LP recording ''Strangers from Space'', which featured the two discussing UFOs and the Shaver Mystery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Curtis |date=May 6, 2014 |title=Strangers from Space |url=https://www.jimmoseley.com/2014/05/strangers-from-space/ |website=Jimmoseley.com |access-date=Jan 17, 2024}}</ref>
In [[1974]], ufologist, [[Peerage of Ireland|Irish peer]] and [[Dutch nobleman]] [[Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty|Brinsley Le Poer Trench]] published his book ''Secret of the Ages: UFOs from Inside the Earth''.
[[Jacques Vallée]] is often credited for inspiring many modern ufologists to branch away from the extraterrestrial hypothesis, and for providing a more Earth-bound analysis of the UFO phenomenon,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanks |first1=Micah |title=Jacques Vallée: Pursuing Unidentified Aerial Phenomena and 'Impossible Futures' |url=https://thedebrief.org/jacques-vallee-the-pursuit-of-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-and-impossible-futures/ |website=thedebrief.org |access-date=Jan 9, 2024 |date=Oct 7, 2022}}</ref> alongside Keel's theory of [[Interdimensional UFO hypothesis#John Keel and 'Ultraterrestrials'|ultraterrestrials]] as native to Earth.<ref name="keel" /> Later in life, Keel became fascinated by the idea that a breakaway branch of humanity could account for sightings of UFOs and other [[List of cryptids|cryptids]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keel |first1=John |title=Flying Saucer to the Center of Your Mind: Selected Writings of John A. Keel |date=August 9, 2013 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=9781492206606 |page=298, 302 |url=https://dokumen.pub/flying-saucer-to-the-center-of-your-mind-selected-writings-of-john-a-keel-1492206601-9781492206606.html |access-date=Dec 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keel |last2=Colvin |first1=John A. |first2=Andrew |title=The Big Breakthrough: Confronting UFOs, Men in Black, Mothman, and Mysterious Humanoids - Trojan Horses of a Breakaway Civilization? |date=June 7, 2017 |publisher=New Saucerian Press |isbn=9781547063543}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Keel |first1=John A. |title=The Great Phonograph in the Sky: Selected Writings of John A. Keel |date=March 2015 |publisher=New Saucerian Press |isbn=9781508516606 |edition=Unabridged |url=https://books.apple.com/us/audiobook/the-great-phonograph-in-the-sky-selected-writings/id1431559637 |quote=Keel shreds many of the sacred-cow beliefs still held in ufological and “cryptozoological” circles today and presents theories so radical that they are only now becoming accepted: the “4-D” or “interdimensional” thesis; the “breakaway civilization” theory;}}</ref> In his [[1990]] book ''Confrontations'', Vallée reported an apocryphal account of "'holes in the pole' allegedly found by [[Richard E. Byrd|Admiral Byrd]]", quoting Clint Chapin of the ''Copper Medic'' case stating that UFOs allegedly originate inside the Earth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vallee |first=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Vallée |date=1990 |title=Confrontations: A Scientist's Search for Alien Contact |page=187 |publisher=Souvenir |isbn=0-285-62976-X}}</ref> This [[urban legend]] was later popularized by the episode “Secrets of Inner Earth” of [[History Channel]]'s series [[Ancient Aliens]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jason Colavito |title=Review of Ancient Aliens S18E19: "Secrets of Inner Earth" |url=https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/review-of-ancient-aliens-s18e19-secrets-of-the-hollow-earth |website=jasoncolavito.com |access-date=Jan 9, 2024 |date=Sep 9, 2022 |author1-link=Jason Colavito }}</ref>
[[UFO Investigators League]] founder Timothy Green Beckley reintroduced the Shaver Mystery in his 1992 volume ''Subterranean Worlds inside Earth'', following his 1967 book ''The Shaver Mystery and the Inner Earth''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mckee |first1=Gabriel |editor1-last=Caterine |editor2-last=Morehead |editor1-first=Darryl |editor2-first=John |title=The paranormal and popular culture: a postmodern religious landscape |date=Feb 18, 2019 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781351731812 |chapter=20 |page=10 |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/63886/2/Contactee%20Canon%20-%20Barker%27s%20Saucerian%20Publications%20-%20Final%20revision.pdf |access-date=Jan 19, 2024}}</ref>
In his [[2000]] book ''Extraordinary Encounters, An Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrials and Otherworldly Beings'', American writer [[Jerome Clark]] collected several reports of cases involving accounts of inhabitants from the underground civilization remnant of the mythical Lemuria and Atlantis, visiting Earth's surface as well as space aboard saucer-shaped crafts, also highlighting their connection with [[Men in black|MIB]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Jerome |title=Extraordinary Encounters - An Encyclopedia of Extraterrestrials and Otherworldly Beings |date=2000 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-249-5 |page=47, 123, 153, 170 |url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/19/items/ExtraordinaryEncounters_201809/Extraordinary%20Encounters.pdf |access-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref>
In [[2017]], the [[New York Post]] ran a story claiming that there's a growing community, spearheaded by [[Utah]] [[conspiracy theorist]] and author Rodney Cluff, who support the idea that a superior race of "alien" humans live at the center of the Earth, consider themselves “guardians of the planet” and spy on humans using spacecrafts and flying saucers to prevent [[Nuclear holocaust|nuclear war]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawford |first1=Jenny |date=Dec 26, 2017 |title=Conspiracy theorists convinced Earth is hollow and filled with aliens |url=https://nypost.com/2017/12/26/conspiracy-theorists-convinced-earth-is-hollow-and-filled-with-aliens/ |access-date=Jan 14, 2024 |agency=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]] |work=[[New York Post]]}}</ref>
In [[2022]] entertainment company [[Rooster Teeth]] explored the idea that UFOs and other cryptids originate inside the Hollow Earth in an episode of their Red Web podcast series, also citing similar [[Anecdote|anecdotes]] such as [[Mel's Hole]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collins, Diaz |first1=Trevor, Alfredo |title=''Are There Aliens Living Inside of the Earth? {{!}} Hollow Earth Theory'' |url=https://roosterteeth.com/watch/red-web-2022-rw89 |publisher=[[Rooster Teeth]] |access-date=Feb 21, 2024 |date=2022}}</ref>
In [[2023]], on [[The Pat McAfee Show]], American politician [[Mike Gallagher (American politician)|Mike Gallagher]] speculated that UFOs could be signs of an [[silurian hypothesis|ancient civilization]] lurking on Earth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paurush |first1=Omar |title=Republican congressman floats extraterrestrial theories. Are UFOs an 'ancient civilization' hiding on earth? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/republican-wisconsin-congressman-floats-extraterrestrial-theories-are-ufos-an-ancient-civilization-hiding-on-earth-101688037536537.html |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |publisher=[[HT Media]] |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=June 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Andrea |first1=Lawrence |title=Mike Gallagher went on the Pat McAfee Show with a Spotted Cow and talked UFOs, China and Elon Musk |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2023/06/27/mike-gallagher-went-on-pat-mcafee-and-talked-ufos-china-and-elon-musk/70362374007/ |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |date=June 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Aleks |title=GOP Congressman Suggests UFOs May Be 'Ancient Civilization' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ufo-mike-gallagher-comments-video-1809664 |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |date=June 28, 2023}}</ref>
In the same year, [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professor [[Avi Loeb]] claimed that UAPs could be automated flying [[Relic|relics]] of a [[Silurian hypothesis|hypothetical advanced ancient civilization]] that was wiped out during the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Permian-Triassic extinction event]]. Dutch philosopher and [[Scientific American]] contributor Bernardo Kastrup proposed a similar [[Thesis antithesis synthesis|thesis]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kastrup |first1=Bernardo |title=UAPs and Non-Human Intelligence: What Is The Most Reasonable Scenario? |url=https://thedebrief.org/uaps-and-non-human-intelligence-what-is-the-most-reasonable-scenario/ |website=www.bernardokastrup.com |publisher=The Debrief |access-date=Feb 4, 2024 |date=January 6, 2024}}</ref> Loeb also argued that this possibility would solve the practical constraints of interstellar travel generally associated with the extraterrestrial UFO hyopthesis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loeb |first1=Avi |title=Are UAPs Relics from an Earlier Civilization on Earth? |url=https://avi-loeb.medium.com/are-uaps-relics-from-an-earlier-civilization-on-earth-86d1190c6539 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |date=21 November 2023 |access-date=Dec 8, 2023}}</ref> Scholar and author [[Jason Colavito]] criticized Loeb for his claim, drawing comparison with the Shaver Mystery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colavito |first1=Jason |title=Avi Loeb Embraces Lost Prehistoric Civilization as Possible UFO Explanation |url=https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/avi-loeb-embraces-lost-prehistoric-civilization-as-possible-ufo-explanation |website=jasoncolavito.com |access-date=Dec 7, 2023 |date=Nov 22, 2023}}</ref>
In [[2024]], [[Positive_psychology#Second-wave_positive_psychology|positive psychologist]] Tim Lomas from [[Harvard University]] and [[Bioanthropology|bioanthopologist]] Dr Michael Masters from [[Montana Technological University]] posted a paper about the cryptoterrestrials hypothesis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Katy |title=UFOs May Be Evidence Of "Cryptoterrestrials" Secretly Living Among Us |url=https://www.iflscience.com/ufos-may-be-evidence-of-cryptoterrestrials-secretly-living-among-us-74568 |publisher=[[IFLScience]] |access-date=June 11, 2024 |date=June 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Jess |title=Aliens May Already Live on Earth, Harvard Researchers Say |url=https://www.newsweek.com/alien-life-extraterrestrial-living-earth-harvard-1912264 |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |date=June 13, 2024}}</ref>
====Mac Tonnies====
{{Main|Mac Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis}}
Various aspects of the general hypothesis were explored and reproposed under the [[neologism]] "cryptoterrestrial" by blogger and author [[Mac Tonnies]]. The book was then published posthumously as ''The Cryptoterrestrials: A Meditation on Indigenous Humanoids and the Aliens Among Us'', with a foreword by [[Nick Redfern]]. The volume was praised by author [[John Shirley]] as a “[[Charles Fort|Fortean]] landmark” and “the [[The Book of the Damned|Book of the Damned]] for the 21st century.”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mack |first1=Adrian |title=UFOs invading Vision TV this week |url=https://www.straight.com/article-395446/vancouver/ufos-invading-vision-tv-week |access-date=Dec 5, 2023 |work=[[The Georgia Straight]] |date=May 30, 2011}}</ref>
In addition to [[wikt:rechristen|rechristening]] and providing a more in depth framework for this specific UFO interpretation encompassing [[alien abduction|abduction]] and [[close encounters|encounters]] phenomena, Tonnies' recapitulation of the idea attempts to incorporate the [[psychosocial hypothesis]] by positing that these beings may use strategies of deception to keep their presence and identity hidden. Tonnies also claimed that the [[Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon#Reproductive,_gynecological_and_urological_procedures|genetic and medical aspects of the abduction phenomenon]] could represent evidence that the ''cryptoterrestrials'' are a vulnerable society and that they may be undergoing [[Genetic_erosion|genetic failure]] due to [[Genetic_isolate#Disadvantages|isolation]], [[Inbreeding#Genetic_disorders|inbreeding]] and [[Mutation#Somatic_mutation|mutation]], relying on our genome to [[Directed_evolution_(transhumanism)|survive]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tonnies |first1=Mac |title=The Cryptoterrestrials A Meditation on Indigenous Humanoids and the Aliens Among Us |date=March 2010 |publisher=Anomalist Books |isbn=9781933665467 |page=101, 109, 121 |url=https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mac%20Tonnies%20-%20The%20Cryptoterrestials.pdf |access-date=Dec 6, 2023}}</ref>
Tonnies' version of the theory is analyzed by author and professor [[Jeffrey J. Kripal]] and American writer [[Whitley Strieber]] in their 2016 book ''Super Natural: A New Vision of the Unexplained'', as well as by [[Mark Pilkington (writer)|Mark Pilkington]] on his 2010 book ''Mirage Men: An Adventure into Paranoia, Espionage, Psychological Warfare, and UFOs''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=OtherKinds |first1=Christopher |title=the cryptoterrestrials a meditation on indigenous humanoids and the aliens among us |url=https://unidentifiedphenomena.com/books/the-cryptoterrestrials-a-meditation-on-indigenous-humanoids-and-the-aliens-among-us/ |website=Unidentified Phenomena |date=28 April 2023 |access-date=Nov 18, 2023}}</ref>
==Atmospheric and marine UFOs==
{{Main|Space animal hypothesis}}
The website [[HowStuffWorks]] reports that a few days after [[Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting]] in June [[1947]], John Philip Bessor wrote to the Air Force that the flying discs were a "form of space animal propelled by [[telekinetic]] energy".<ref name="stuff">{{cite web |last1=Publications International, Ltd. |first1=Ed. of |title=Space Animals |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/space/aliens-ufos/space-animals.htm |website=[[HowStuffWorks]] |access-date=Jan 11, 2024}}</ref>
''[[Bigfoot: The Life and Times of a Legend]]'' author Joshua Blu Buhs also argues that as early as [[1949]], Bessor sent a letter to the [[Saturday Evening Post]] in response to Sidney Shalett’s article “[https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/flipbooks/reprints/What%20You%20Can%20Believe%20About%20Flying%20Saucers/ What You Can Believe about Flying Saucers]", in which he speculated that flying saucers may not be spacecrafts, but some kind of atmospheric or space animal.<ref name="buhs">{{cite web |last1=Buhs |first1=Joshua B |title=John Philip Bessor as a Fortean |url=http://www.joshuablubuhs.com/blog/john-philip-bessor-as-a-fortean |website=joshuablubuhs.com |access-date=Nov 18, 2023}}</ref> Bessor published an article for the December 1955 issue of [[Fate magazine]] called “Are the Saucers Space Animals?”.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bessor |first1=John P |title=Are the Saucers Space Animals? |url=https://s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com/luminist/OC/FATE_1955_12.pdf |access-date=Dec 6, 2023 |work=Vol 8 #12 |issue=69 |publisher=[[Fate (magazine)|Fate]] |date=December 1955}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Catoe |first1=Lynn E. |title=UFOs And Related Subjects: An Annotated Bibliography |date=June 11, 1969 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] |page=110 |edition=AFOSR67-0002 and 68-0003 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0688332.pdf |access-date=Jan 16, 2024 |chapter=Library of Congress card catalog N° 68-62196}}</ref> In his [[1959]] third book ''The UFO Annual'' [[Morris K. Jessup]] called attention to Bessor’s ideas about saucers actually being animals of some kind, noting in particular his article for Fate.<ref name="buhs"/>
In [[1955]] Countess and [[parapsychologist]] Zoe Wassilko von Serecki proposed that UFOs are "vast, luminous bladders of colloidal silicones" capable of feeding on [[electrical energy]].<ref name="stuff"/>
In his [[1958]] book ''They Live in the Sky!'' author [[Trevor James Constable]] interpreted signs of discoloration in his pictures with ultra-violet lens and high-speed film as evidence of gigantic [[amoeba]]-like biological organisms living in [[Atmosphere_of_Earth|Earth's atmosphere]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilkington |first1=Mark |title=Phantom flyers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jun/23/farout |access-date=Nov 18, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 22, 2005}}</ref> [[Zoologist]] and [[cryptozoologist]] [[Karl Shuker]] talked about Constable’s theory and gathered more alleged reports and accounts on his blog and in his book ''Dr Shuker's Casebook''. Constable further speculated that these critters should be classified as "macrobacteria", they do not exist outside of the [[infrared]] range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], they belong to a [[Shadow biosphere|different offshoot of evolution]] and that they had been around since the planet was more gaseous and [[Plasma (physics)|plasmatic]] than solid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shuker |first1=Karl |title=Sky Beasts, Not Space Craft - Unmasking The UFOs? |url=https://karlshuker.blogspot.com/2011/12/sky-beasts-not-space-craft-unmasking.html |website=karlshuker.blogspot.com |access-date=Jan 11, 2024 |date=Dec 1, 2011}}</ref> According to Constable, the creatures could be the size of a coin or as large as half a mile across.<ref name="Reece"/>
Marine scientists have talked about the deep ocean as an alien world as a sociocultural and scientific issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamieson |first1=Alan J |title=Fear and loathing of the deep ocean: why don't people care about the deep sea? |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |date=Dec 21, 2020 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=797–809 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsaa234 |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/78/3/797/6042988 |access-date=Nov 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonderud |first1=Doug |title=Aliens in the Ocean: Is Sea-ing Believing? |url=https://now.northropgrumman.com/aliens-in-the-ocean-is-sea-ing-believing |website=now.northropgrumman.com |publisher=[[Northrop Grumman]] |access-date=Jan 30, 2024 |date=Dec 5, 2022}}</ref> Many [[Unidentified submerged object|USOs ]] (Unidentified Submerged Objects) have been reported by [[Navy]], [[Marines]] and [[Air force|Air Force]] personnel since the 1950s.<ref name="popmech">{{cite news |last1=Mizokami |first1=Kyle |title=Yes, Underwater UFOs Are a Thing, And There's a Bizarre History to Them |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a29417939/unidentified-submarine-objects/ |access-date=Nov 26, 2023 |publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=September 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite news |last1=Wingate |first1=Sophie |title='It splashed!': US navy reacts as 'UFO' vanishes into ocean off California in leaked clip |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/it-splashed-us-navy-reacts-as-ufo-vanishes-into-ocean-off-california-in-leaked-clip-b2178440.html |access-date=Dec 7, 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mizokami |first1=Kyle |date=Dec 18, 2017 |title=That Time the U.S. Navy Had a Close Encounter With a UFO |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a14456936/that-time-the-us-navy-had-a-close-encounter-with-a-ufo/ |publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |last2=Kean |last3=Blumenthal |first1=Helene |first2=Leslie |first3=Ralph |title=2 Navy Airmen and an Object That 'Accelerated Like Nothing I've Ever Seen' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/unidentified-flying-object-navy.html |access-date=Nov 27, 2023 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=Dec 16, 2017}}</ref> According to the [[United States Naval Institute|US Naval Institute]], USOs rather than UFOs have presented the Navy with the greatest hazard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Christenson |first1=Scot |date=August 2022 |title=USOs Not UFOs Have Been the Greatest Threat to the Navy |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2022/august/usos-not-ufos-have-been-greatest-threat-navy |website=Naval History Magazine |access-date=Nov 27, 2023}}</ref> In December 2022, the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] updated the [[Unidentified_flying_object#Etymology_of_key_terms|UAP]] terminology from "unidentified aerial phenomena" to "unidentified anomalous phenomena" to include "submerged and trans-medium" objects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Becket |first1=Stefan |title=What are UAPs, and why do UFOs have a new name? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-are-uaps-unexplained-aerial-phenomenon-ufos-new-name/ |access-date=Nov 26, 2023 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=September 14, 2023}}</ref> British biologist [[Ivan T. Sanderson]] and French-American author [[David Hatcher Childress]] co-wrote ''Invisible Residents: The Reality of Underwater UFOs'', published in 2005.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanderson |first1=Ivan T. |title=Invisible Residents The Reality of Underwater UFOs |date=2005 |publisher=Adventures Unlimited Press |isbn=9781931882200 |pages=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BKYTHMBLj8C |access-date=Nov 20, 2023}}</ref>
==In media==
[[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]] wrote ''[[Vril|The Coming Race: Vril]]'' about a subterranean [[Super race|super-race]] with advanced technology.
In a 2002 introduction to the 1886 book [[A Dweller on Two Planets]], religious text expert [[John Bruno Hare]] compared the [[Pyramidology#Types_of_pyramidology|Atlantidean flying crafts]] described in it to modern sightings of [[List of reported UFO sightings|cigar-shaped UFOs]].
[[William R. Bradshaw]] wrote ''Goddess of Atvatabar'', about an underground [[utopian]] advanced civilization with flying machines and airships.<ref>{{cite book |last1=William R. Bradshaw |title=The Goddess of Atvatabar |date=1892 |publisher=[[Arno Press]] |isbn=9780405062797 |page=63, 100, 139-144 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32825/32825-h/32825-h.htm |access-date=Jan 18, 2024 |author1-link=William R. Bradshaw }}</ref>
In the [[Marvel Comics]] the [[Deviant (comics)|Deviants]] are a [[fictional race]] of [[Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)#Later_developments|mutated humanoids]] native to Earth created by the [[Celestial (comics)|Celestials]] as a natural antagonist to Man and the [[Eternals (comics)|Eternals]]. In the modern era they inhabit the underground world of [[Features of the Marvel Universe#Regions and countries|Subterranea]] and were once the rulers of the empire of [[Lemuria]]. They are sometimes depicted as possessing advanced technology like crafts and [[genetic engineering]] since before the evolution of [[homo sapiens]].
Japanese visual artist [[Tadanori Yokoo]] depicted a UFO on the back cover of [[Miles Davis]]' [[1975]] album [[Agharta (album)|Agharta]], flying in a spotlight over the subterranean kingdom of [[Agartha]].<ref>{{harvnb|Buchwald|2012|p=110}}; {{harvnb|Thorgerson|Powell|1999|p=20}}.</ref> Tadanori was partly inspired by Raymond W. Bernard's book ''The Hollow Earth''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thorgerson|first1=Storm|author-link1=Storm Thorgerson|last2=Powell|first2=Aubrey|author-link2=Aubrey Powell (designer)|year=1999|title=100 Best Album Covers|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley|DK Publishing]]|isbn=0-7894-4951-X|page=20}}</ref> An inscription in the LP's [[gatefold|gatefold sleeve]] explained the connection between the UFO and the images of winged supermen guarding the city's entrances and secret tunnels, printed on the album's inside packaging:
{{quote|''During various periods in history the supermen of Agharta came to the surface of Earth to teach the human race how to live together in peace and save us from wars, catastrophe, and destruction. The apparent sighting of several flying saucers soon after the [[bombing of Hiroshima]] may represent one visitation.''{{sfn|Buchwald|2012|p=110}}
}}
In their 1997 single ''Alien Attack'' the Swedish [[Synth-pop|synthpop]] band [[S.P.O.C.K]] talk about a superior terrestrial race who fled to space long ago to escape a natural catastrophe and now is coming back disguised as aliens to claim their planet back.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burg |first1=Press |title=Alien Attack |url=https://genius.com/Spock-rapper-alien-attack-lyrics |website=[[Genius (company) | genius.com]] |access-date=Dec 22, 2023 |quote=60 million years ago Another race, superior to our Foresaw the catastrophy Fled to space and fled the tragedy Now they're here again with a simple claim Alien, alien attack They want their planet back}}</ref>
In the intro of the music video for the [[1998]] single ''[[WestBam_discography#Singles|Agharta - The City of Shamballa]]'', [[1998]] by American rapper [[Afrika_Bambaataa#:~:text="Agharta – The City of Shamballa" (with WestBam)|Afrika Bambaataa]] and German DJ [[WestBam]] (under the compound artist name I.F.O. - Identified Flying Objects) the titles read "there are good forces that live inside the Earth sending out UFOs to free the world." Afrika Bambaataa, in the role of a black "UFO priest", sings the words "Don't you wanna go on my UFO?" and "I went to the North Pole I went to the South Pole I stepped in the Congo I stepped in a Hollow Hole they took me to another world the subterranean world it's called Agartha." Towards the end of the music video the point of origin of a fleet of flying saucers is revealed: a foggy gap within the mountains, and as the camera zooms out, planet Earth comes into full view and a big luminous hole in the ground can be seen at the pole of the Earth, out of an into which the UFOs fly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buchwald |first1=Dagmar |editor1-last=Berressem |editor2-last=Bucher |editor3-last=Schwagmeier |editor1-first=Hanjo |editor2-first=Michael |editor3-first=Uwe |title=Black Sun Underground: The Music of AlieNation - 1. UFOs from the Center of the Earth |date=2012 |publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] |isbn=9783643902283 |page=101-102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miryZGheCbEC&q=ufo |access-date=Jan 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mellamphy |first1=Dan & Nandita Biswas |title=Welcome to the Electrocene, an Algorithmic Agartha |url=https://culturemachine.net/vol-16-drone-cultures/welcome-to-the-electrocene/ |website=culturemachine.net |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=Jan 9, 2024}}</ref>
In [[Eoin Colfer]]'s [[Artemis Fowl]] saga, the [[Little people (mythology)|Fairy People]] are portrayed as a diverse civilization possessing saucer-like flying crafts, weapons and advanced technology. In the [[Artemis_Fowl_(novel)|first volume]] of the ''Fowl Adventures'' series in 2001, Artemis researches [[alien abductions]], UFO sightings and similar phenomena in his attempts to discover more about "the People".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eoin Colfer |title=Artemis Fowl |date=August 7, 2009 |publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide]] |isbn=9781423132172 |page=15 |url=http://dl.novellibrary.com/Eoin%20Colfer/Artemis%20Fowl/Artemis%20Fowl.pdf |access-date=Jan 18, 2024 |quote=Artemis's search had begun two years previously when he first became interested in surfing the Internet. He quickly found the more arcane sites: alien abduction, UFO sightings and the supernatural. But most specifically the existence of the People. |author1-link=Eoin Colfer }}</ref> In ''[[Artemis Fowl and the Eternity Code|Eternity's Code]]'' is revealed that, although in Colfer's fictional universe the Mud People (humans) have many theories concerning the true purpose of Stonehenge including a spaceship landing site, the structure originated as a pizza parlor for the People and was later repurposed as the exit for a pressure elevator for a hidden fairy shuttle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eoin Colfer |title=The Eternity Code (Artemis Fowl, Book 3) |date=August 7, 2009 |publisher=[[Disney Publishing Worldwide]] |isbn=9781423132219 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnJ4t979fFIC |access-date=Jan 18, 2024 |author1-link=Eoin Colfer }}</ref>
In ''Day of the Descendants'', a 2019 book by [[Tony Brunt]], a boy named Tim Baker saves a woman in danger while hiking the mountains in [[New Zealand]], who later takes him to a saucer-shaped craft. She's part of an advanced ancient civilization known as ''the Descendants'', who live hidden from mankind in vast underground facilities monitoring humans to detect threats to the planet and to their secret community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tony Brunt |title=Day of the Descendants |date=May 21, 2019 |isbn=9781099557439 |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/aliens/comments/18jxphf/im_having_a_hard_time_believing_in_the_idea_of/ |access-date=Jan 18, 2024 |author1-link=Tony Brunt }}</ref>
Throughout [[Jordan Peele]]'s 2022 movie ''[[Nope (film)|Nope]]'', protagonists OJ and Emerald discover that the UFO isn't a ship, but a flying [[cryptid]], whom they dub Jean Jacket.<ref name="TMS">{{cite web|url=https://www.themarysue.com/what-does-the-gordy-subplot-mean-in-jordan-peels-nope|title=What Does the Gordy Subplot Mean in Jordan Peel[e]'s {{'}}''Nope''{{'}}?|date=July 25, 2022|first=Princess|last=Weekes|website=[[The Mary Sue]]|quote=The murder of Jupe's family confirms to OJ that this [[flying saucer]] isn't a ship, but a predatory [[cryptid]], one-winged-angel-style creature that acts when its dominance is tested when people look straight at it.|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725194022/https://www.themarysue.com/what-does-the-gordy-subplot-mean-in-jordan-peels-nope/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] professor [[John Dabiri|John O. Dabiri]] worked with Peele and his team to design the UFO monster, specifically its final "biblical angel" form, to make it look like an undiscovered previously extinct aerial predator, with anatomical and locomotive elements inspired by [[jellyfish]], [[octopus]]es, [[squid]], [[electric eels]] and [[ghost knifefish]], as well as the Earth-bound angels from ''Neon Genesis Evangelion''.<ref name="Jean Jacket">{{cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/nope-movie-ufo-design|title=Inside the Eerie UFO Design for Jordan Peele's 'Nope'|date=July 25, 2022|first=Emma|last=Stefansky|website=[[Thrillist]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725130532/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/nope-movie-ufo-design|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Polygon">{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/23277377/jordan-peele-nope-movie-creature-design-inspirations|title=The inspirations behind the monster in ''Nope''|date=July 25, 2022|first=Toussaint|last=Egan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|page=]ublicly|access-date=July 25, 2022|quote=Over the course of the film, the UAP ["unidentified aerial phenomenon"] assumes several terrifying forms, which make it roughly something of a cross between a [[shark]], a [[flying saucer]], a [[manta ray]], a flat humongous man-eating [[eyeball]], and a [[Ophanim|"biblically accurate" angel]], [with] Jean Jacket's appearance and design most closely resembl[ing] those of [[Angels in Neon Genesis Evangelion#Sahaquiel|Sahaquiel, the 10th Angel]], which appears in the 12th episode of the original 1995 anime, [[List of Neon Genesis Evangelion episodes#ep12|"A Miracle's Worth,"]] and the second film in the ''[[Rebuild of Evangelion]]'' tetralogy, ''[[Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance|Evangelion[:] 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance]]''|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725183333/https://www.polygon.com/23277377/jordan-peele-nope-movie-creature-design-inspirations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGN">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/nope-review-jordan-peele|title=IGN: ''Nope'' Review|date=July 20, 2022|first=Siddhant|last=Adlakha|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=July 20, 2022|quote=(the design of this apparent saucer is, initially, shocking in its simplicity, but by the end, you may as well call it "Biblically accurate").|archive-date=July 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720161149/https://www.ign.com/articles/nope-review-jordan-peele|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the [[MonsterVerse]] [[multimedia franchise]], the term [[MUTO]] (Massive Unidentified Terrestrial Organism) is used to refer to creatures native to Earth ([[King Ghidorah]] being the only extraterrestrials in the series) that have eluded classification, hiding for centuries in the Hollow Earth, their underground homeworld. MUTOs have been dubbed “the UFOs of monsters” by [[Godzilla (2014 film)|Godzilla]]’s director [[Gareth Edwards (director)|Gareth Edwards]].<ref name="facebook">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/godzilla/facebook-qa-with-director-gareth-edwards-may-4-2014/754626287901111|title=Facebook Q&A with Director Gareth Edwards|publisher=[[Facebook]]|access-date=Nov 26, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=October 15, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221015161041/https://www.facebook.com/notes/676481856610900/}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Hollow Earth]]
* [[Mac Tonnies]]
* [[Men in black]]
* [[Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon#Journey|Narrative of the abduction phenomenon]]
* [[Ultraterrestrial|Ultraterrestrials]]
* [[Silurian hypothesis]]
* [[Time-traveler hypothesis]]
* [[Psychosocial hypothesis]]
* [[Extraterrestrial hypothesis]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}
[[Category:Ufology]]
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