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In the 15th century, a characteristic [[X-chair|folding-chair]] of both Italy and Spain was made of numerous shaped cross-framed elements, joined to wooden members that rested on the floor and further made rigid with a wooden back. 19th-century dealers and collectors termed these "[[Dante Chair]]s" or "[[Savonarola Chair]]s", with disregard to the centuries intervening between the two figures. Examples of curule seats were redrawn from a 15th-century manuscript of the ''Roman de Renaude de Montauban'' and published in [[Henry Shaw (antiquary)|Henry Shaw]]'s ''Specimens of Ancient Furniture'' (1836).<ref>Some are illustrated in [[John Gloag]], ''A Short Dictionary of Furniture'', rev. ed. 1969: ''s.v.'' "X-chairs".</ref>
The 15th or early 16th-century curule seat that survives at [[York Minster]], originally entirely covered with textiles, has rear members extended upwards to form a back, between which a rich textile was stretched.
[[JamesIEngland.jpg |thumb|left|James I by [[John de Critz]], c. 1605]]The cross-framed armchair, no longer actually a folding chair, continued to have regal connotations. [[James I of England]] was portrayed with such a chair, its framing entirely covered with a richly patterned [[silk damask]] textile, with decorative nailing, in [[Paul van Somer I|Paul van Somer]]'s portrait, and in his portrait by John de Critz (left). Similar early 17th-century cross-framed seats survive at [[Knole]], perquisites from a royal event.<ref>The contemporary term "cross-framed" came to be employed in the later 17th century to describe chairs with rigid horizontal cross-framed x-[[stretcher]]s, possibly causing confusion for a modern reader; see Adam Bowett, "The English 'Cross-Frame' Chair, 1694-1715" ''The Burlington Magazine'' '''142''' No. 1167 (June 2000:344-352).</ref> The photo of actor Edwin Booth as [[Prince Hamlet|Hamlet]] poses him in a regal cross-framed chair, considered suitably medieval in 1870.
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