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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
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| stipeCharacter=ring
| sporePrintColor=white
| ecologicalType = mycorrhizal
| howEdible=caution
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==Taxonomy and naming==
First described by the eminent nineteenth century mycologist [[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Persoon]] as ''Agaricus asper'', the '''freckled dapperling''' has been through several taxonomical name changes. [[Lucien Quélet]] moved it to genus ''[[Lepiota]]'' and since then it has long been known as '''''Lepiota aspera''''' ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]) [[Lucien Quelet|Quel.]].<ref name=Phillips06/><ref name=Moser/> For a time it was placed with the other "spiny" ''[[Lepiota]]'' species into a separate sub-genus called ''Echinoderma'', and in 1978 [[Marcel Bon]] put it into ''[[Cystolepiota]]''.<ref name = "MarcelBon87"/> Then in 1991 Bon created the new genus ''[[Echinoderma]]'' for this and similar brownish warty species, and the new name '''''Echinoderma asperum''''' is almost universally accepted in more recent publications.<ref name=C&D1995/><ref name=EOL/><ref name=Eyssartier/><ref name=FN/><ref name=GBIF/><ref name=NBN/><ref name=SF1/>
 
The species name is the Latin adjective "asper" (with feminine: "aspera" and neuter "asperum"), meaning "rough".<ref name=asper/>
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==Distribution and habitat==
''Echinoderma asperum'' appears during autumn in [[deciduous]] woodland, or in parks and gardens where wood chip mulch has been used. It has been recorded widely in northern temperate zones - varying between common and quite rare in Europe and North Africa,<ref name=C&D1995/> it occurs in North America, and it has been reported in Japan, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name=GBIF/>
In a study to show the diversity of Lepiota aspera species in northern Thailand it was shown how in the Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces in the years 2007 to 2010, about 73 Lepiota mushrooms were collected that represented thirty three different species. The distribution of these L. aspera species resulted in 11 of Stenosporae, 8 of Ovisporae, 6 of Lepiota, 5 of Liliaceae, and 3 of Echinacea. Resulting in how the highest diversity of L. aspera species were reported to be the Stenosporae, resulting in the diversity index to result in 2.20.<ref name=GBIF/>
 
==Edibility==
Although sometimes listed as edible, this mushroom has been shown to cause alcohol intolerance and may be poisonous.<ref name=Haberl/> It also resembles some species of the deadly ''[[Amanita]]'' genus, which includes some deadly species.<ref name="Miller2006">{{cite book|lastlast1=Miller Jr.|firstfirst1=Orson K.|title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi|last2=Miller|first2=Hope H.|publisher=[[FalconGuide]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1|location=Guilford, CN|pages=55}}</ref>
 
==References==
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{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name=asper>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asper#Latin |title=asper |work=Wiktionary |publisher=Wikimedia |accessdateaccess-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>
 
<ref name=C&D1995>{{cite book | author = Regis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem | year = 1995 | title = Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe | publisher = Harper Collins | isbn = 978-0-00-220025-7}}</ref>
 
<ref name=EOL>{{cite webencyclopedia |url=http://eol.org/pages/11456343/overview |title=''Echinoderma asperum'' page |workencyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Life |publisher=Encyclopedia of Life |accessdateaccess-date=2017-05-23}} But the EOL also treats ''Lepiota aspera'' as if it were a separate species.</ref>
 
<ref name=Eyssartier>{{cite book |author1=Eyssartier, G. |author2=Roux, P. |title=Le guide des champignons France et Europe |language=French |publisher=Belin |year=2013 |page=340 |isbn=978-2-7011-8289-6 }}</ref>
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<ref name=GBIF>See the [https://www.gbif.org/species/5243011 Global Biodiversity Information Facility page], which gives the current name and shows the geographical distribution.</ref>
 
<ref name=Haberl>{{cite journal | pmid = 21370948 | doi=10.3109/15563650.2011.554840 | volume=49 | issue=2 | title=Case series: Alcohol intolerance with Coprine-like syndrome after consumption of the mushroom Lepiota aspera (Pers.:Fr.) Quél., 1886 (Freckled Dapperling) | date=February 2011 | journal=Clin Toxicol | pages=113–4 | last1 = Haberl | first1 = B | last2 = Pfab | first2 = R | last3 = Berndt | first3 = S | last4 = Greifenhagen | first4 = C | last5 = Zilker | first5 = T| s2cid=43434106 }}</ref>
 
<ref name = "MarcelBon87">{{cite book | author = Marcel Bon |author-link =Marcel Bon | year = 1987 | title = The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe | page = 282 | publisher = Hodder and Stoughton | isbn = 978-0-340-39935-4}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Moser>See {{cite book |author =Meinhard Moser |author-link =Meinhard Moser |translator = Simon Plant|title=Keys to Agarics and Boleti |publisher=Roger Phillips |location=15a Eccleston Square, London |year=1983 |page=242 |isbn=978-0-9508486-0-0}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NBN>{{cite web |url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001487131 |title=''Lepiota aspera'' page |work=National Biodiversity Network |publisher=National Biodiversity Network |accessdateaccess-date=2017-05-23}} This page states that the accepted name for ''Lepiota aspera'' is ''Echinoderma asperum''.</ref>
 
<ref name=Phillips06>{{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-330-44237-4}} Or alternatively {{cite book | author = Roger Phillips | year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-330-44237-4}}</ref>
 
<ref name=SF1>{{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDSpecies.asp?RecordID=354364 |title=''Echinoderma asperum'' page |work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |accessdateaccess-date=2017-05-23}}</ref>
 
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<ref name="Phongeun Sysouphanthong">{{cite web | author = Kevin D. Hyde, Else C. Vellinga & Ekachai Chukeatirote | year = 2013 | title = Diversity of Lepiota(Agaricales) in northern Thailand | publisher = Mycology | DOI = 10.1080/21501203.2013.764358}}</ref>
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[[Category:Fungi of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]
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