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{{Short description|Neighborhood in Jerusalem}}
{{coord|31|46|5|N|35|9|44|E|region:IL_type:landmark|display=title}}▼
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ein Karem
| native_name = {{
| settlement_type = Neighborhood of [[Jerusalem]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = View of Ein Karem
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| established_title = Founded
| established_date = [[Middle Bronze Age]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/shnaton_C1419.pdf
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_total = 1,620
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
}}
'''Ein Karem''' ({{
Ein Karem was an important [[Jews|Jewish]] village during the late [[Second Temple period]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web
During the years of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and later [[Mandatory Palestine|British rule in Palestine]], Ein Karem was a [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arab]] village. It was [[List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war|depopulated of its residents]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref name="Morris_2004">Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR20 xx], village #360. Also gives cause of depopulation.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jerusalem/Ayn-Karim/index.html|title='Ayn Karim
==Etymology==
The name ''Ein Karem'' ''or Ein Kerem'' can be literally translated from both Hebrew and Arabic as "[[Spring (hydrology)|Spring]] of the [[Vineyard]]". It is derived from the springs and vineyards established on the village's terraced slopes.<ref name=":10" /> Another possible translation would be "Spring of Carem", if derived from an ancient [[Iron Age]] [[Israelites|Israelite]] city called Carem, mentioned as a city in the dominion of the [[tribe of Judah]] in the [[Septuagint]] version of [[Book of Joshua]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joshua 15 Brenton's Septuagint Translation |url=https://biblehub.com/sep/joshua/15.htm |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=biblehub.com}}</ref> In Arabic, other than meaning "Spring of the Vineyard", it could be understood as well as "the Generous Spring".<ref name="Guérin, 1868, pp.
==History==
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===Bronze Age===
Pottery has been found near the spring dating to the [[Middle
===Iron Age/Israelite period===
During the [[Iron Age]], or [[Israelites|Israelite]] period, Ein Karem is usually identified as the location of the biblical village of Beth HaKerem ({{
===Second Temple period===
A well-preserved ''[[mikveh]] (''Jewish ritual bath) indicates there was a Jewish settlement in the [[Second Temple period]] along with some other discoveries such as handful of graves, bits of a wall, and an olive press.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalem-family-finds-2000-year-old-ritual-bath-under-living-room/|title=Jerusalem family finds 2,000-year-old ritual bath under living room|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>Re'em, 2016, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=24988&mag_id=124 Jerusalem,
===Roman and Byzantine periods===
During excavations in the [[Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem|Church of Saint John the Baptist]], a marble statue of [[Aphrodite]] (or [[Venus]]) was found, broken in two. It is believed to date from the [[Roman era]] and was probably toppled in [[Byzantine]] times. Today, the statue is at the [[Rockefeller Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ein Kerem |url=http://www.my-holyland.com/site.php?category_id=2&site_id=5 |publisher= My Holy Land |access-date=2007-11-08 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714141944/http://www.my-holyland.com/site.php?category_id=2&site_id=5 |archive-date= 2011-07-14 }}</ref> Excavations in front of the same church, which has at its core the cave which Christian tradition identifies as the birthplace of [[John the Baptist]], have unearthed remains of two Byzantine chapels, one containing an inscription mentioning Christian "martyrs", but without any mention of John.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Ceramics from the Byzantine period have also been found in Ein Karem.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 906</ref>
===Early Islamic period===
Ein Karem was recorded after the [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic conquest]]. [[Al-Tamimi, the physician]] (d. 990),
===Crusader period===
It is mentioned under the name St. Jehan de Bois, "Saint John in the Mountains",<ref name=Sharon155/> during the [[Crusades]]. The Crusaders were the first to build here a [[Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem|church dedicated to St John]], rebuilt in the 17th century by the Franciscans and still active today, and [[Moshe Sharon]] considers it as "almost sure" that the Crusaders are the ones who started the tradition of identifying that particular site as St John's birthplace.<ref name="sharon156"/>
===Ayyubid and Mamluk
After [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|conquering Jerusalem]] in 1187, [[Saladin]] granted the village of Ein Karem to [[Abu Madyan|Abu Maydan]], a renowned [[Sufism|Sufi]] teacher from [[Seville]], [[Andalusia]]. Abu Madyan had fought in the 1187 [[Battle of Hattin]] against the Crusaders before returning to the [[Maghreb]], where he eventually died in [[Tlemcen]], in what is today [[Algeria]]. A document, drafted in Jerusalem in 1320 (720 AH) by Abu Maydan's great-grandson, outlines the [[waqf]]'s holdings, beginning with Ein Karem:<ref name=":10" /><blockquote>''"A village known by the name of Ein Karem, one of the villages adjacent to Jerusalem. This village includes farmed and fallow lands, both cultivated and abandoned, slopes and plains, unproductive bare rock, buildings in ruins, farmhouses, buildings in good repair with their surrounding fields, a little garden, [[Punica protopunica|pomegranate trees]] and other kinds irrigated with water from springs on the property, [[olive]] trees of a “rumi” or western variety, [[Carob|carob trees]], [[Fig|fig trees]], [[Quercus petraea|sessile oaks]], qiqebs (hardwoods). This village is bounded on all sides: to the south by the great [[Malha|Maliha]] (salt pan); to the north by properties belonging to Ein-Kaout, [[Qalunya]], Harash, [[Sataf]], and Zawiya el-Bakhtyari; to the west by Ein Esheshqqaq, and to the east by properties belonging to the Maliha and to Beit Mazmil. This village is established as a waqf, with all attendant rights, appurtenances, fields, cultivated lands, [[threshing floor]]s, loamy earth, with freshwater springs on location, prairies, planted trees, disused wells, vineyards, in a word, with all rights relating thereto, both within and without. However, the mosque, house of God, the path and the cemetery intended for use by Muslims, are not included in the present waqf."<ref name=":10" />''</blockquote>The Waqf Abu Maydan endowment, which included the [[Mughrabi Quarter]] in Jerusalem, has been supported by agricultural and property revenues from the village of Ein Karem until the 1948 war.<ref name=":10" />
A coin from the reign of [[As-Salih Hajji]] (1389 CE.) was found here, together with pottery, glassware and other coins from the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era.<ref name=Landes>Landes-Nagar, 2017, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25211&mag_id=125 Jerusalem, ʽEn Kerem]</ref>▼
▲A coin from the reign of [[As-Salih Hajji]] (1389 CE
===Ottoman period===
[[File:Vilagio Giovanni - Bruyn Cornelis De - 1714.jpg|thumb|250px|Ain Karim in 1681 by [[Cornelis de Bruijn]]]]
[[File:JerusalemFarWest1870s.jpg|thumb|250px|Ain Karim area in the 1870s]]
Most of the village
In 1517, the village was included in the [[Ottoman empire]] with the rest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and in the 1596 [[Defter|tax-records]] it appeared as '''Ain Karim'', located in the ''[[Nahiya]]'' of Jabal Quds of the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Al-Quds]]. The village had at this time 29 households, all [[Muslim]]. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, grape syrup/molasse, goats and beehives in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 5,300 [[akçe]]. All of the revenue went to a [[waqf]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 118</ref><ref>NB: Clerical persons, whether Muslim, Jewish or Christian, were not included</ref>
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In the course 17th century, the Franciscans manage to recover the ruins of the church raised by the Crusaders over the traditional birth cave of St. John and, in spite of local Muslim opposition, to rebuild and fortify it as the [[Ein Karem#Monastery of St. John in the Mountains|Monastery of St. John in the Mountains]].
Israeli geographer Yehoshua Ben-Arieh described Ein Karem as "the most important village west of Jerusalem" in the 19th century.<ref name=":10" />
[[James Silk Buckingham]] visited in the early 1800s, and found he was "more pleased with this village [...] than with any other place I had yet visited in Palestine."<ref>Buckingham, 1821, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/travelsinpalesti00buckuoft#page/227/mode/1up 227] In 1838, ''Ain Karim'' was noted as a Muslim and Latin Christian village in the ''Beni Hasan'' district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/123/mode/1up 123]</ref><ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n163/mode/1up 141], [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n179/mode/1up 157]</ref>
In 1863 [[Victor Guérin]] noted a thousand inhabitants "of whom there are barely two hundred and fifty who are Catholics; the others are Muslim."<ref>Guérin, 1868, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog01gu#page/83/mode/1up 83]
An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that ''Ain Karim'' had 178 houses and a population of 533, though the population count included only men. The population consisted of 412 Muslims in 138 houses, 66 Latin Christians in 18 houses, and 55 Greek Christians in 12 houses.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/143/mode/1up 143]. It was also noted to be in the ''Beni Hasan'' district</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n930/mode/1up 122] noted 144 houses</ref>
In 1883, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) described Ain Karim as: "A flourishing village of about 600 inhabitants, 100 being Latin Christians. It stands on a sort of natural terrace projecting from the higher hills on the east of it, with a broad flat valley below on the west. On the south below the village is a fine spring ('Ain Sitti Miriam), with a vaulted place for prayer over it. The water issues from a spout into a trough."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/19/mode/1up 19]
In 1896 the population of '''Ain Karim'' was estimated to be about 1,290 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n232/mode/1up 125]</ref>
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[[File:16-13-Ein Karim-1944.jpg|thumb|left|Ein Karim and the surrounding area in the 1944 [[Survey of Palestine]]]]
{{Infobox settlement
| name
| settlement_type = Village
|
|
|
|
| grid_position = 165/130
▲| grid_name = [[Palestine grid|Palestine grid]]
|
|
| established_date1
▲| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
▲| established_date1 = 10 and 21 April 1948, 16 July 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR20 xx], village #360. Also gives the cause for depopulation</ref>
| unit_pref = dunam
▲| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
|
▲| area_total_dunam = 15,029
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/il/ein-karem/history/94416.html Ein Karem Elevation (649.83 M)], on Distancesto.com</ref>
| elevation_m
| population_as_of
| population_total
| blank_name_sec1
| blank_info_sec1
| blank1_name_sec1
| blank1_info_sec1
| blank3_name_sec1
| blank3_info_sec1
}}
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], the population of 'Ain Karim was 1,735; consisting of 1,282 Muslims and 453 Christians,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 2,637, in 555 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 39]</ref>
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The 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] placed 'Ayn Karim in the Jerusalem enclave intended for [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|international control]].<ref>[http://domino.un.org/maps/m0104_1b.gif UN map of Jerusalem ''Corpus Separatum''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211165142/http://domino.un.org/maps/m0104_1b.gif|date=2006-12-11}}</ref>
===1948
[[File:Ein Kerem 1948.jpg|thumb|Ein Karem, 1948]]
[[File:Ein Karim 1954.jpg|thumb
When the [[1947–1949
The village was finally captured by Israeli forces during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War#Second phase:
=== State of Israel ===
[[File:Ein Kerem Panoramic View.jpg|thumb|Ein Karem, 2024]]
After the war ended, Israel incorporated the village into the municipal boundaries of Jerusalem.<ref name="Morris" /> Ein Karem was one of the few depopulated Arab localities which survived the war with most of the buildings intact. The abandoned homes were resettled with new migrants, many of whom [[Mizrahi Jews]] who [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|fled from the Arab countries]] who fought the Arab-Israeli War during the war and after it, i.e. Jews from [[Iraqi Jews|Iraq]] and [[Egyptian Jews|Egypt]] but also from [[Yemenite Jews|Yemen]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Over the years, the bucolic atmosphere attracted a population of artisans and craftsmen. Today it is a vibrant bohemian neighborhood of Jerusalem, attracting many artist, young people and tourists.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
In 1961, [[Hadassah Medical Center|Hadassah]] built its medical center on a nearby hilltop, including the [[Hadassah Medical Center]] and the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hadassah opens new pediatric bone marrow transplantation unit
==Biblical connections==
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{{main|Carem}}
Only the [[Septuagint]] translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]], the base for the Christian [[Old Testament]], names a place in the hills of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]] as "[[Carem]]" ({{
===New Testament===
According to the [[New Testament]], [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] went "into the hill country, to a city of Judah" ({{
During the [[Byzantine]] period, Theodosius (530 CE) gives the distance between Jerusalem and the town of Elizabeth as {{convert|5|mi|spell=in}}.<ref name=Theodosius/>
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===Church of the Visitation===
{{Main|Church of the Visitation}}
[[File:
The [[Church of the Visitation]], or ''Abbey Church of St John in the Woods'', is located across the village to the southwest from St. John's. The ancient sanctuary there was built against a rock declivity. It is venerated as the ''pietra del nascondimento'', the "stone in which John was concealed," in reference to the [[Protevangelium of James]]. The site is also attributed to John the Baptist's parental summer house, where Mary visited them. The modern church was built in 1955, also on top of ancient church remnants. It was designed by [[Antonio Barluzzi]], an [[Italy|Italian]] architect, who designed many other churches in the Holy Land during the 20th century.<ref>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.
===Monastery of St. John in the Mountains===
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The [[Catholic]] Monastery of St. John ba-Harim (St. John "in the Mountains"<ref name="CasaNova">[https://www.custodia.org/en/news/ain-karem-casa-nova-back The Ain Karem Casa Nova is Back], Custodia Terrae Sanctae, 30 April 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2019</ref> in Hebrew) is centered on a church containing the cave identified by tradition as the birthplace of Saint John the Baptist. The church is built over the remnants of a [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] church and its porch stands over the remains of two [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chapels, both containing [[mosaic]] floors. The current structure received its outlook as the result of the latest large architectural intervention, finished in 1939 under the guidance of the Italian architect, [[Antonio Barluzzi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140819091144/http://www.custodia.org/default.asp?id=1884 Ain Karem: Saint John the Baptist], at custodia.org. Retrieved 21 May 2019</ref>
In 1941–1942 the Franciscans excavated the area west of the church and monastery. The southernmost of the rock-cut chambers they found can probably be dated to the first century CE.<ref>Abel, 1938, pp. 295f</ref><ref>Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.
The church is mentioned in the ''Book of the Demonstration'', attributed to [[Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria|Eutychius of Alexandria]] (940): "The church of Bayt Zakariya in the district of [[Aelia Capitolina|Aelia]] bears witness to the visit of Mary to her kinswoman Elizabeth."<ref name="Finegan2014">{{cite book |title= The Archeology of the New Testament: The Life of Jesus and the Beginning of the Early Church |author= Jack Finegan |publisher= Princeton University Press |year= 2014 |edition= revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DsABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |page=4 |access-date=21 May 2019|isbn= 9781400863181 }}</ref>
The site of the Crusader church built above the traditional birth cave of St John, destroyed after the departure of the Crusaders, was purchased by [[Custody of the Holy Land|Franciscan custos]], Father [[Thomas of Novara]] in 1621.<ref name=Pringle32>Pringle, 1993, p. [https://books.google.
===Convent of the Sisters of Zion===
[[File:NotreDameDeSionEinKaremJuly022024 01.jpg|thumb|Convent of the Sisters of Zion]]
[[File:Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne tomb.jpg|thumb|120px|Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne's tomb, Ein Kerem]]
The monastery of ''Les Sœurs de Notre-Dame de Sion'' (Sisters of Our Lady of Zion), built in 1860,<ref name=Sharon155/> was founded by two brothers from France,
===Gorny or "Moscobia" Convent===
[[File:GornyMonasteryFeb142022 04.jpg|thumb|Gorny or "Moscobia" Convent]]
The convent was established by the [[Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem|Jerusalem mission]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1871<ref name="sharon156"/> (see also Russian Wikipedia page [[:ru:Горненский монастырь (Эйн-Карем)|''here'']]). The name "Gorny Convent" refers to the visit of the Virgin Mary to her cousin St. Elizabeth "into the hill country, to a town in Judah,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:39-56|title=Bible Gateway passage: Luke 1:
===Mary's Spring===
[[File:
According to a Christian tradition which started in the 14th century, the Virgin Mary drank water from this village spring, and here is also the place where Mary and Elizabeth met. Therefore, since the 14th century the spring is known as the Fountain of the Virgin. The spring waters are considered holy by some Catholic and Orthodox Christian pilgrims who visit the site and fill their bottles. What looks like a spring is actually the end of an ancient aqueduct. The former Arab inhabitants built a [[mosque]] and school on the site, of which a [[Maqam (shrine)]] and [[minaret]] still remain. An inscribed panel to the courtyard of the mosque dates it to
▲According to a Christian tradition which started in the 14th century, the Virgin Mary drank water from this village spring, and here is also the place where Mary and Elizabeth met. Therefore, since the 14th century the spring is known as the Fountain of the Virgin. The spring waters are considered holy by some Catholic and Orthodox Christian pilgrims who visit the site and fill their bottles. What looks like a spring is actually the end of an ancient aqueduct. The former Arab inhabitants built a [[mosque]] and school on the site, of which a [[Maqam (shrine)]] and [[minaret]] still remain. An inscribed panel to the courtyard of the mosque dates it to 1828-1829 CE ([[Hijri year|AH]] 1244).<ref>Petersen, 2001 pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 100-103]</ref> The spring was repaired and renovated by Baron [[Edmond de Rothschild]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tiuli.com/track_info.asp?lng=eng&track_id=91|title=ירושלים עין כרם - אתר טיולי|first=אתר|last=טיולי|website=tiuli.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
===St. Vincent===
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===Monastery of St. John in the Wilderness===
[[File:MonasteryOfSt.ohnInTheWildernessFeb122022 04.jpg|thumb|[[Monastery of Saint John in the Wilderness]]]]
The [[Monastery of St. John in the Wilderness]], containing a cave associated with the saint, is located close to Ein Karem and [[Moshav]] [[Even Sapir]].
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*[[Shlomo Aronson (landscape architect)|Shlomo Aronson]] (1936–2018), Israeli landscape architect
*[[Erel Margalit]] (born 1961), Israeli high-tech and social entrepreneur
*[[Naomi Henrik]] (
==See also==
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) |journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth
*{{cite book |title= Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages,
| last1 = Kark | first1 = R.
| author-link1 =Ruth Kark
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*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
*{{cite book |last= Petersen |first= Andrew |title= A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21619490 |volume= 1 |year= 2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-727011-0}}
*{{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem:
*{{cite journal |last=Radashkovsky |first=Igal|date= 2018-02-27 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25407&mag_id=126 |title=Jerusalem, 'En Kerem |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=130}}
*{{cite journal |last=Re'em|first=Amit|date= 2016-06-05|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=24988&mag_id=124 |title=Jerusalem, 'En Kerem |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=128}}
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*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 |location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 |url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}}
*{{cite journal |author= Schick C. |author-link= Conrad Schick |title= Ancient Rock-cut Wine-presses at 'Ain Karim |journal= Quarterly Statement
*{{cite journal | author = Schick C. | author-link=Conrad Schick | title = The birthplace of St. John the Baptist| journal = Quarterly Statement
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae,
*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 |url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
*{{cite book|last=Theodosius|year=1893|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534216|title=Theodosius (A.D. 530) |publisher=[[Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society]] }}
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==Further reading==
* Olivier Rota, «
==External links==
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Historic sites in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:New Testament places]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea]]
[[Category:District of Jerusalem]]
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