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[[File:Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon (2012) - 15.JPG|thumb
[[File:U-Bahn Berlin Alexanderplatz Elevator.JPG|thumb|This elevator to the [[Berlin Alexanderplatz station|Alexanderplatz]] [[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] station in Berlin is built with glass walls and doors, exposing the inner workings.]]
An '''elevator''' ([[
▲Some elevators can also travel horizontally in addition to the usual vertical motion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/products-services/169354-germanys-thyssenkrupp-to-launch-revolutionary-rope-free-elevator-in-2022|title=This German company is inventing an elevator that goes sideways|newspaper=Construction Week Online|date=18 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181307/https://www.constructionweekonline.com/products-services/169354-germanys-thyssenkrupp-to-launch-revolutionary-rope-free-elevator-in-2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
==History==
===Pre-industrial era===
[[File:Konrad Kyeser, Bellifortis, Clm 30150, Tafel 09, Blatt 38v (Ausschnitt).jpg|thumb|upright|Elevator design by the German engineer [[Konrad Kyeser]] (1405)]]
The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]], who reported that [[Archimedes]] ({{circa|287 BC}} – {{circa|212 BC}}) built his first elevator probably in 236 BC.<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-08-23/home-and-garden/17125291_1_taller-buildings-elevator-elisha-graves-otis "Laying the foundation for today's skyscrapers".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114143152/http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-08-23/home-and-garden/17125291_1_taller-buildings-elevator-elisha-graves-otis |date=14 January 2012 }} ''San Francisco Chronicle''. 23 August 2008.</ref> Sources from later periods mention elevators as cabs on a [[hemp]] rope, powered by people or animals.
The Roman [[Colosseum]], completed in 80 AD, had roughly 25 elevators that were used for raising animals up to the floor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Blitz |first2=Matt |title=A New Recreation Shows How Ancient Romans Lifted Wild Animals Into the Colosseum |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-ancient-romans-got-wild-animals-colosseum-180955580/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Each elevator could carry about {{convert|600|lb}} (roughly the weight of two lions) {{convert|23|feet}} up when powered by up to eight men.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blitz |first=Matt |title=A New Recreation Shows How Ancient Romans Lifted Wild Animals
In the 17th century, prototypes of elevators were installed in the palace buildings of England and France. [[Louis XV of France]] had a so-called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the [[Château de Versailles]] in 1743.<ref
Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on [[hoist (device)|hoists]] and [[windlass]]es. The invention of a system based on the [[Leadscrew|screw drive]] was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw-drive elevator was built by [[Ivan Kulibin]] and installed in the [[Winter Palace]] in 1793, although there may have been an earlier design by [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO5PAAAAMAAJ&q=%22words+%22four+screws+lift+this%22%22 |title=Leonardo Da Vinci, Engineer and Architect |editor-last=Galluzzi |editor-first=Paolo |editor-link=Paolo Galluzzi |date=10 April 1987 |place=
▲In the 17th century, prototypes of elevators were installed in the palace buildings of England and France. [[Louis XV of France]] had a so-called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the [[Château de Versailles]] in 1743.<ref name="Louis XV's flying chair">{{cite web |url=http://sciences.chateauversailles.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=146&Itemid=468__&lang=en |title=Louis XV's flying chair – Exposition Sciences et Curiosités à la Cour de Versailles – 26 octobre 2010 au 3 avril 2011 |work=chateauversailles.fr|date=26 April 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085800/http://sciences.chateauversailles.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=146&Itemid=468__&lang=en |url-status=dead}}</ref>
▲Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on [[hoist (device)|hoists]] and [[windlass]]es. The invention of a system based on the [[Leadscrew|screw drive]] was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw-drive elevator was built by [[Ivan Kulibin]] and installed in the [[Winter Palace]] in 1793, although there may have been an earlier design by [[Leonardo da Vinci]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO5PAAAAMAAJ&q=%22words+%22four+screws+lift+this%22%22|title=Leonardo Da Vinci, Engineer and Architect|editor-last=Galluzzi|editor-first=Paolo|editor-link=Paolo Galluzzi|date=10 April 1987|place=[Montreal]|publisher=Montreal Museum of Fine Arts|isbn=9782891920841|via=Google Books|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001045316/https://books.google.com/books?id=RO5PAAAAMAAJ&q=%22words+%22four+screws+lift+this%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Several years later, another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in the [[Arkhangelskoye Palace|Arkhangelskoye]] near [[Moscow]].
===Industrial Era===
The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials, including [[coal]] and [[lumber]], from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries, and the introduction of steel beam construction, worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in coal mines, elevators in the mid-19th century operated with [[steam power]], and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These devices were soon applied to a diverse set of purposes. In 1823, Burton and Homer, two [[architect]]s in [[London]], built and operated a novel tourist attraction which they called the "ascending room", which elevated customers to a considerable height in the center of London, providing a panoramic view.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://conveyor-tech.com/dictionary/catalog/10/index.html |title=Conveyor technology: Elevator |website=Conveyor-Tech.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621145810/http://www.conveyor-tech.com/dictionary/catalog/10/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2008 }}</ref>
Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the ensuing decade. In 1835, an innovative elevator, the Teagle, was developed by the company Frost and Stutt in [[England]]. It was belt-driven and used a [[counterweight]] for extra power.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bellis |first=Mary |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/Elevator.htm |title=Learn Who Invented the Elevator and More |website=Inventors.about.com
In 1845, Neapolitan architect [[Gaetano Genovese]] installed
The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir [[William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|William Armstrong]] in 1846, primarily for use at the [[Tyneside]] docks for loading cargo. They quickly supplanted the earlier steam-driven elevators, exploiting [[Pascal's law]] to provide much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of [[water pressure]] to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the platform, carrying a heavy load, to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase lifting power.
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[[File:Elisha OTIS 1854.jpg|thumb|[[Elisha Otis]] demonstrating his safety system, at the New York [[New York Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]], 1853]]
[[Henry Waterman (inventor)|Henry Waterman]] of New York is credited with inventing the "standing rope control" for an elevator in 1850.<ref name="TheElevatorMuseumTimeline">{{cite web |title=EW Museum |url=http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/timeline.php
In 1852, [[Elisha Otis]] introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the [[New York Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854,<ref name="TheElevatorMuseumTimeline"/><ref>{{cite web |author1=Barry Denenberg |title=Skycrapers |url=http://magicalhystorytour.blogspot.com/2010/08/skyscrapers.html |website=Magical Hystory Tour: The Origins of the Commonplace & Curious in America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708051842/http://magicalhystorytour.blogspot.com/2010/08/skyscrapers.html |archive-date=8 July 2011
[[File:ElevatorPatentOtis1861.jpg|thumb|Elisha Otis's elevator [[patent drawing]], 15 January 1861]]
The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for [[Peter Cooper]]'s [[Cooper Union]] Foundation building in
[[Peter Ellis (architect)|Peter Ellis]], an English architect, installed the first elevators that could be described as [[paternoster elevator]]s in [[Oriel Chambers]] in Liverpool in 1868.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ainsworth
The [[Equitable Life Building (New York City)|Equitable Life Building]], completed in 1870 in New York City, is thought to be the first office building with passenger elevators.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States |journal=The Equitable News: An Agents' Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA43 |access-date=10 January 2012 |title=The Elevator Did It |issue=23 |date=November 1901 |page=11 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012234137/http://books.google.com/books?id=jmwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1872, American inventor James Wayland patented a novel method of securing elevator shafts with doors that are automatically opened and closed as the elevator car approaches and leaves them.<ref>{{Cite
In 1874, J. W. Meaker patented a method permitting elevator doors to open and close safely.<ref>{{
The first electric elevator was built by [[Ernst Werner von Siemens|Werner von Siemens]] in 1880 in Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blelevator.htm |title=History of the Elevator |author=Mary Bellis |work=About.com Money |access-date=7 May 2008 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001045318/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-elevator-1991600 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inventor [[Anton Freissler]] further developed von Siemens' ideas and created a successful elevator enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by [[Frank J. Sprague|Frank Sprague]], who added floor control, automatic operation, acceleration control, and further safety devices. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators. 584 of Sprague's elevators were installed before he sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.
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[[Schuyler Wheeler]] patented his electric elevator design in 1883.<ref name="IEEE">{{cite journal |url=http://ethw.org/w/images/e/e5/Wheeler_-_member_bio.pdf |publisher=American Institute of Electrical Engineers |title=Schuyler Scatts Wheeler, President 1905–1906. Member biography for Wheeler, New York |date=May 1934 |journal=Electrical Engineering 50th Anniversary Number |location=Piscataway, NJ |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143301/http://ethw.org/w/images/e/e5/Wheeler_-_member_bio.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=elevator>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Notable Birthdays Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9737437// |work=[[The Wichita Eagle|Wichita Beacon]] |location=Wichita, Kansas |date=17 May 1915 |via=[[newspapers.com]] {{open access}} |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001045319/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9737437/the-wichita-beacon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/28af9c2b1ad151d0bc72/US273208.pdf |first1=Schuyler |last1=Wheeler |title=SCHUYLER S. WHEELER, OF NEW YORK, N. Y. – Electric Elevator Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 273,208 |publisher=United States Patent Office |date=27 February 1883 |access-date=3 April 2017 |via=[[Google Patents]] |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043753/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/28af9c2b1ad151d0bc72/US273208.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1884, American inventor D. Humphreys of [[Norfolk, Virginia]], patented an elevator with automatic doors that closed off the elevator shaft when the car was not being entered or exited.<ref>{{Cite
In 1887, American inventor [[Alexander Miles]] of [[Duluth, Minnesota]], patented an elevator with automatic doors that closed off the elevator shaft when the car was not being entered or exited.
In 1891, American inventors Joseph Kelly and William L. Woods co-patented a novel way to guard elevator shafts against accident, by way of hatches that would automatically open and close as the car passed through them.<ref>{{Cite
The first elevator in India was installed at the [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan in Kolkata]] by Otis in 1892.<ref>{{cite news |title=We must continue to listen to the market |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/we-must-continue-to-listen-to-the-market-says-otis-elevator-md/article6324345.ece |newspaper=The Hindu
By 1900, completely automated elevators were available, but passengers were reluctant to use them. Their adoption was aided by a 1945 elevator operator strike in New York City, and the addition of an emergency stop button, emergency telephone, and a soothing explanatory automated voice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/07/31/427990392/remembering-when-driverless-elevators-drew-skepticism |title=Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229100338/https://www.npr.org/2015/07/31/427990392/remembering-when-driverless-elevators-drew-skepticism |url-status=live }}</ref>
An inverter-controlled gearless drive system is applied in high-speed elevators worldwide. The [[Toshiba]] company continued research on thyristors for use in inverter control and dramatically enhanced their switching capacity, resulting in the development of [[Insulated-gate bipolar transistor|insulated gate bipolar transistors]] (IGBTs) at the end of the 1980s. The IGBT realized increased switching frequency and reduced magnetic noise in the motor, eliminating the need for a filter circuit and allowing a more compact system. The IGBT also allowed the development of a small, highly integrated, highly sophisticated all-digital control device, consisting of a high-speed processor, specially customized gate arrays, and a circuit capable of controlling large currents of several kHz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toshiba Science Museum : World's First Inverter-Controlled High-Speed Gearless Elevator |url=https://toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp/en/learn/history/ichigoki/1983elevator/index.htm|access-date=
In 2000, the first vacuum elevator was offered commercially in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.axess2.co.uk/history-lifts-2/ |title=The History of Lifts |work=Axess2 |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=8 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308185646/http://www.axess2.co.uk/history-lifts-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{missing information|section| elevators use guide rails: oil-lubricated guide shoes, roller guide shoes in high speed elevators or maglev shoes are used to follow the rail, high speed elevator vibration dampers, internal air pressure control and aerodynamic elevator cab and counterweight exterior, kone maxispace counterweightless elevator, outdoor and scenic elevator cab, elevator door belt and direct drive mechanism, elevator cab fan, elevator service mode and controls on cab roof, elevator roping Ratios/types/system/method, elevator capacity from 1 to over 40 people like in tokyo skytree, overweight protection|date=December 2020}}<!--expand elevator control evolution: microprocessor or microcontroller control with igbt vfd drive motor control, mention major manufacturers which are kone, schindler, thyssenkrupp and otis and link to the list-->
[[File:Ekocity.jpg|thumb|Elevator machine room]]
Some people argue that elevators began as simple [[rope]] or [[link chain|chain]] [[hoist (device)|hoists]] (see ''Traction elevators'' below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cabin", "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved [[pulley]], commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a [[counterweight]].
The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of elevator its name.
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[[File:Schindler 330A hydraulic elevator interior with cascading doors.jpg|thumb|Cascading telescopic 2-speed door configuration inside of an elevator]]
[[File:Wheaton Metro parking garage elevator across the skybridge.jpg|thumb|A large "slab" door]]
Elevator [[door
===Machine room-less (MRL) elevators===
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====Other facts====
* Noise level of 50–55
* Usually used for [[low-rise]] to mid-rise buildings
* National and local building codes did not address elevators without machine rooms. Residential MRL elevators are still not allowed by the ASME A17 code in the US. MRL elevators have been recognized in the 2005 supplement to the 2004 A17.1 Elevator Code.
* Today, some machine room-less hydraulic elevators by Otis and TK Elevator exist. They do not involve the use of an underground piston or a machine room, mitigating environmental concerns; however, they are not allowed by codes in some parts of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=enduraMRL | thyssenkrupp Elevators Escalators Moving Walks | Installation Service Modernization|url=https://thyssenkruppelevator.com/elevator-products/enduraMRL|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303053128/https://thyssenkruppelevator.com/elevator-products/enduraMRL|archive-date=
===Double-decker elevators===
{{main|Double-deck elevator}}
Double-decker elevators are traction elevators with cars that have an upper and lower deck. Both decks, which can serve a floor at the same time, are usually driven by the same motor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double-Deck Elevators Increase Efficiency|url=http://www.elevatordesigninfo.com/double-deck-elevators-improve-efficiency|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326141531/http://www.elevatordesigninfo.com/double-deck-elevators-improve-efficiency|archive-date=
In 2003, [[TK Elevator]] invented a system called TWIN, with two elevator cars independently running in one shaft.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Marshall|first1=Aarian|title=Sticking Two Elevators in One Shaft Is Totally Safe- And A Great Idea|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/05/thyssenkrup-twin-elevator/|magazine=Wired|date=11 May 2016|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426210802/https://www.wired.com/2016/05/thyssenkrup-twin-elevator/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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==== History ====
In 1901, consulting engineer Charles G. Darrach (
In 1908, Reginald P. Bolton published the first book devoted to this subject, ''Elevator Service''.<ref>Reginald Pelham Bolton, Elevator Service. New York, Self-published (1908)</ref> The summation of his work was a massive fold-out chart (placed at the back of his book) that allowed users to determine the number of express and local elevators needed for a given building to meet a desired interval of service.
In 1912, commercial engineer Edmund F. Tweedy and electrical engineer Arthur Williams co-authored a book titled ''Commercial Engineering for Central Stations''.<ref>Edmund F. Tweedy, Commercial Engineering for Central Stations. New York, McGraw-Hill (1912)</ref> He followed Bolton's lead and developed a "Chart for determining the number and size of elevators required for office buildings of a given total occupied floor area".
In 1920, Howard B. Cook presented a paper titled "Passenger Elevator Service".<ref>Howard B. Cook, Passenger Elevator Service. Cincinnati, Warner Elevator Manufacturing Company (1920)</ref> This paper marked the first time a member of the elevator industry offered a mathematical means of determining elevator service. His formula determined the round trip time (RTT) by finding the single trip time, doubling it, and adding 10 seconds.
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: <math>RTT = Ht_1 + t_2(S + 1) + 2Pt_3</math>
Modification and improvements have been made to this equation over the years, most significantly in 2000 when Peters published "
==== General analysis ====
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==== Dispatcher-based simulation ====
In this method, a virtual version of a building is created on a computer,
Dispatcher-based simulation has had major improvements over the years, but the principle remains the same. The most widely used simulator, Elevate, was first showcased in 1998 as Elevate Lite.<ref>Peters RD Vertical Transportation Planning in Buildings British Library reference DX199632 (1998) (Executive Summary republished by Elevator World, November 1998; Lift Report November/December 1998; and by Elevation, Summer 1998)</ref>
Although it is currently the most accurate method of
==== Monte Carlo simulation ====
At the first Elevator and Escalator symposium in 2011, Al-Sharif proposed an alternative form of simulation<ref>Al-Sharif L, Abdel Aal O.F, Abu Alqumsan A.M The Use Of Monte Carlo Simulation To Evaluate The Passenger Average Travelling Time Under Up-Peak Traffic Conditions The 1st Symposium of Lift and Escalator Technologies, September 2011, The University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom</ref> that modeled a car's single round trip before restarting and running again. This method is still capable of
While this does successfully remove simulation's major drawback, it
==Types of hoist mechanisms==
Elevators can be rope dependent or rope-free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thyssenkrupp-elevator.com/Show-article.104.0.html?&L=1&cHash=08b38cb686f00ec874ad82c44c737427&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=546 |title=ThyssenKrupp Elevator: ThyssenKrupp develops the world's first rope-free elevator system to enable the building industry face the challenges of global urbanization |
===Traction elevators===
{{
{{ [[File:Elevator motor in machine room.jpg|thumb|Steel ropes and an electric motor (machine) in the machine room. The machine has two brake calipers on top.]]
Geared traction machines are driven by [[alternating current|AC]] or [[direct current|DC]] electric motors. Geared machines use [[worm gear]]s to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a [[gearbox]] driven by a high-speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to {{convert|500|ft/min|m/s|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=ACE Lifts|title=Traction Lifts: an infographic on how they work|url=http://acelifts.com/news/traction-lifts-work/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719082011/http://acelifts.com/news/traction-lifts-work/|archive-date=
Historically, AC motors were used for single or double-speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue. Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC [[Motor–generator|motor generator]] were the preferred solution. The [[Motor–generator|MG set]] also typically powered the [[relay logic|relay]] controller of the elevator, which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system.
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* ''Roped hydraulic elevators'' use both above-ground cylinders and a rope system, allowing the elevator to travel further than the piston has to move.
The low mechanical complexity of hydraulic elevators in comparison to traction elevators makes them ideal for low-rise, low-traffic installations. They are less energy-efficient as the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight. The high current draw of the pump when starting up also places higher demands on a building's electrical system. There are also environmental concerns should the lifting cylinder leak fluid into the ground,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator1.htm |title=How Elevators Work: Hydraulic Elevators |
===Electromagnetic propulsion===
Cable-free elevators using [[electromagnetic propulsion]], capable of moving both vertically and horizontally, have been developed by German engineering firm [[Thyssen Krupp]] for use in high rise, high density buildings.<ref>{{cite web |title=MULTI – Rope-
===Climbing elevator===
{{
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the [[moonlight tower]]s in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance. The [[Glasgow Tower]]
===Pneumatic elevator===
An elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. A diaphragm or a piston is used as a "brake", if there
==Controls==
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===Manual controls===
{{
[[File:OtisControl.jpg|thumb|upright|Otis 1920s controller, operational in a New York City apartment building]]
In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by [[elevator operator]]s using a [[rheostat]] connected to the motor. This rheostat (see picture) was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of a cake. This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting handle, which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder.
The elevator motor was located at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft. Pushing the handle forward would cause the cab to rise; backwards would make it sink. The harder the pressure, the faster the elevator would move. The handle also served as a [[dead man switch]]: if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop. In time, safety interlocks would ensure that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move.
This lever would allow some control over the energy supplied to the motor and so enabled the elevator to be accurately
[[File:mit-old-elevator-panel.jpg|thumb|Manual pushbutton elevator controls]]▼
The Otis ''Autotronic'' system of the early 1950s brought the earliest predictive systems which could anticipate traffic patterns within a building to deploy elevator movement in the most efficient manner. Relay-controlled elevator systems remained common until the 1980s; they were gradually replaced with solid-state systems, and [[microprocessor]]-based controls are now the industry standard. Most older, manually-operated elevators have been retrofitted with automatic or semi-automatic controls.
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The operation of the door open button is transparent, immediately opening and holding the door, typically until a timeout occurs and the door closes. The operation of the door close button is less transparent, and it often appears to do nothing, leading to frequent but incorrect<ref name="skeptics">{{cite web |url=http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/2979/do-elevator-manufacturers-purposefully-provide-a-door-close-button-that-doesnt |title=psychology – Do elevator manufacturers purposefully provide a door close button that doesn't work? – Skeptics Stack Exchange |work=stackexchange.com |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010800/http://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/2979/do-elevator-manufacturers-purposefully-provide-a-door-close-button-that-doesnt |url-status=live }}</ref> reports that the door close button is a [[placebo button]]: either not wired up at all, or inactive in normal service. On many older elevators, if one is present, the door close button is functional because the elevator is not ADA compliant and/or it does not have a fire service mode.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/595/do-close-door-buttons-on-elevators-ever-actually-work |title=Do "close door" buttons on elevators ever actually work? |date=7 November 1986 |author=Cecil Adams |work=The Straight Dope |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217043523/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/595/do-close-door-buttons-on-elevators-ever-actually-work |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=nickpaumgarten>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/04/21/080421fa_fact_paumgarten?currentPage=all |title=Up and Then Down — The lives of elevators |last=Paumgarten |first=Nick |date=21 April 2008 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=2 September 2009 |archive-date=31 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831045052/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/04/21/080421fa_fact_paumgarten?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1042577628591401304 |title=Employees Only Think They Control Thermostat |last=Sandberg |first=Jared |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=15 January 2003 |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709160740/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1042577628591401304 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=danlockton>{{cite web |url=http://architectures.danlockton.co.uk/2008/10/01/placebo-buttons-false-affordances-and-habit-forming/ |title=Placebo buttons, false affordances and habit-forming |last=Lockton |first=Dan |date=1 October 2008 |work=Design with intent |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104161242/http://architectures.danlockton.co.uk/2008/10/01/placebo-buttons-false-affordances-and-habit-forming/ |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Working door open and door close buttons are required by code in many jurisdictions, including the United States, specifically for emergency operation: in independent mode, the door open and door close buttons are used to manually open or close the door.<ref name="skeptics"/><ref>ASME A17.1 – 2000, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, Requirements 2.27.3.3, "Phase II Emergency In-Car Operation"</ref> Beyond this, programming varies significantly, with some door close buttons immediately closing the door, but in other cases being delayed by an overall timeout, so the door cannot be closed until a few seconds after opening. In this case (hastening normal closure), the door close button has no effect. However, the door close button will cause a hall call to be ignored (so the door will not reopen), and once the timeout has expired, the door close will immediately close the door, for example, to cancel a door open push. The minimum timeout for automatic door closing in the US is 5 seconds,<ref>ASME A17.1 – 2000, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, Requirements 4.10.7 – Door and Signal Timing for Hall Calls, "The minimum acceptable notification time shall be 5 seconds."</ref> which is a noticeable delay if not over-ridden.
* A set of doors kept locked on each floor to prevent unintentional access into the elevator shaft by the unsuspecting individual. The door is unlocked and opened by a machine sitting on the roof of the car, which also drives the doors that travel with the car. Door controls are provided to close immediately or reopen the doors, although the button to close them immediately is often disabled during normal operations, especially on more recent elevators. Objects in the path of the moving doors will either be detected by sensors or physically activate a switch that reopens the doors. Otherwise, the doors will close after a preset time. Some elevators are configured to remain open at the floor until they are required to move again. Regulations often require doors to close after use to prevent smoke from entering the elevator shaft in event of fire.
* A stop switch
▲* A stop switch (not allowed under British regulations{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}) to halt the elevator while in motion, which is often used to hold an elevator open while freight is loaded. Keeping an elevator stopped for too long may set off an alarm. Unless local codes require otherwise, this will most likely be a [[key switch]].
Some elevators may have one or more of the following:
* [[File:Ringing the elevator alarm.jpg|thumb|Using the emergency telephone button in an elevator. There is [[Braille]] text for visually impaired people and a button illuminates to alert a hearing impaired person that the alarm is ringing and the call is being placed.]]An [[Emergency telephone|elevator telephone]], which can be used (in addition to the alarm) by a trapped passenger to call for help. This may consist of a transceiver, or simply a button. This feature is often required by local regulations.
* Hold button: This button delays the door closing timer, useful for loading freight and hospital beds.
* Call cancellation: A destination floor may be deselected by double clicking.
* Access restriction by key switches, RFID reader, code keypad, hotel room card, etc.
* One or more additional sets of doors. This is primarily used to serve different floor plans: on each floor only one set of doors opens. For example, in an elevated crosswalk setup, the front doors may open on the street level, and the rear doors open on the crosswalk level. This is also common in garages, rail stations, and airports. Alternatively, both doors may open on a given floor. This is sometimes timed so that one side opens first for getting off, and then the other side opens for getting on, to improve boarding/exiting speed. This is particularly useful when passengers have luggage or carts, as at an airport, due to reduced
** [[File:Dual elevator door buttons - cropped.jpg|thumb|Dual door open and door close buttons, in an elevator with two sets of doors, found on a ThyssenKrupp elevator from the 2010s]] In case of dual doors, there may be two sets of door open and door close buttons, with one pair controlling the front doors, from the perspective of the console, typically denoted <> and ><, with the other pair controlling the rear doors, typically denoted with a line in the middle, <nowiki><|> and >|<</nowiki>, or double lines, <nowiki>|<>| and >||<</nowiki>. This second set is required in the US if both doors can be opened at the same landing, so that the doors can both be controlled in independent service.<ref name="skeptics"/><ref>ASME A17.1 – 2000, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, Requirements 2.27.3.3.1.d "On cars with two entrances, a separate door-close button shall be provided for each entrance if both entrances can be opened at the same landing."</ref>
* Security camera
* Plain walls or mirrored walls
*
An audible signal button,
Other controls, which are not available for the public (either because they are [[key switch]]es, or because they are kept behind a locked panel), include:
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* An ''inspector's'' switch, which places the elevator in inspection mode (this may be situated on the top of the elevator)
* Manual up/down controls for elevator technicians, to be used in inspection mode, for example.
* An ''independent service''/''exclusive mode'' (also known as "
* Attendant service mode
* Large buildings with multiple elevators of this type also had an ''elevator dispatcher'' stationed in the lobby to direct passengers and to signal the operator to leave with the use of a mechanical "cricket" noisemaker.
===External controls===
[[File:External lift control panel.jpg|thumb|upright|An external control panel]]
Elevators are typically controlled from the outside by a call box, which has up and down buttons, at each stop. When pressed at a certain floor, the button (also known as a "hall call" button) calls the elevator to pick up more passengers. If the particular elevator is currently serving traffic in a certain direction, it will only answer calls in the same direction unless there are no more calls beyond that floor.
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===Floor numbering===
{{Further|Floor numbering}}
[[File:Missing Floor 13.jpg|thumb|Elevator buttons showing the missing [[Thirteenth floor|13th floor]]]]
===Elevator algorithm===
The [[elevator algorithm]], a simple [[algorithm]] by which a single elevator can decide where to stop, is summarized as follows:
* Continue
* If there are no further requests in that direction, then stop and become idle, or change direction if there are requests in the opposite direction.
The elevator algorithm has found an application in computer [[operating system]]s as an algorithm for scheduling [[hard disk]] requests. Modern elevators use more complex [[heuristic (computer science)|heuristic algorithms]] to decide which request to service next. In taller buildings with high traffic, such as the [[New York Marriott Marquis]] or the [[Burj Khalifa]], the [[destination dispatch]] algorithm is used to group passengers going to similar floors, maximizing load by up to 25%.<!--Looking for source to NOVA documentary that is not on YouTube and thus a copyright violation-->
===Destination control system===
{{
[[File:Destination control elevator floor selection.jpg|thumb|upright|An Otis CompassPlus destination control elevator floor selection panel at [[Northeastern University]] in Boston, United States]]
Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for, instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers, and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank. Although travel time is reduced, passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart. During the down peak period the benefit of destination control will be limited as passengers have a common destination.
It can also improve accessibility, as a mobility-impaired passenger can move to their designated car in advance.
Inside the elevator there is no call button to push, or the buttons are there but they cannot be
The idea of destination control was originally conceived by [[Leo Port]] from Sydney in 1961,<ref>Port, L.W. (1961), Elevator System Commonwealth of Australia Patent Specification, Application Number 1421/61, 14 February 1961</ref> but at that time elevator controllers were implemented in relays and were unable to
The system was first pioneered by [[Schindler Group|Schindler Elevator]] in 1992 as the Miconic 10. Manufacturers of such systems claim that average
However, performance enhancements cannot be generalized as the benefits and limitations of the system are dependent on many factors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peters-research.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100%3Aunderstanding-the-benefits-and-limitations-of-destination-control&catid=3%3Apapers&Itemid=1 |title=Peters Research Ltd |
To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user is given an [[RFID]] card, for identification and tracking, so that the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination, preventing empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theporttechnology.com/page/systemoperation.html |title=The PORT Technology :: System Operation |
The same destination scheduling concept can also be applied to public transit such as in [[group rapid transit]].
[[File:DestinationDispatchElevator.jpg|thumb|upright|An Otis Compass [[destination dispatch]] control station, outside of the car, on which the user presses a button to indicate the desired destination floor, and the panel indicates which car will be dispatched]]
==Special operating modes==
{{
===Anti-crime protection===
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===Sabbath service===
[[File:Sabbath on-off.jpg|thumb|upright
In areas with large populations of observant [[Jew]]s or in facilities catering to Jews, one may find a "[[Sabbath elevator]]". In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without having to push any buttons. This prevents violation of the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]] prohibition against operating electrical devices when Sabbath is in effect for those who observe this ritual.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/39/Q1/ |title=Shabbat Elevators |work=Ohr Somayach |access-date=7 May 2006 |archive-date=13 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213101913/http://ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/39/Q1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
However, Sabbath mode has the side effect of using considerable amounts of energy, running the elevator car sequentially up and down every floor of a building, repeatedly servicing floors where it is not needed. For a tall building with many floors, the car must move on a frequent enough basis so as to not cause undue delay for potential users that will not touch the controls as it opens the doors on every floor up the building.
===Independent service===
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===Inspection service===
Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually
Elevators have a car top inspection station that allows the car to be operated by a mechanic in order to move it through the hoistway. Generally, there are three buttons: UP, RUN, and DOWN. Both the RUN and a direction button must be held to move the car in that direction, and the elevator will stop moving as soon as the buttons are released. Most other elevators have an up/down toggle switch and a RUN button. The inspection panel also has standard power outlets for work lamps and powered tools.
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Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the car operating panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold the door open button until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.
In the UK and Europe the requirements for firefighters lifts are defined in the standard EN81-72.{{Citation
===Medical emergency or code-blue service===
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===Emergency power operation===
Many elevator installations now feature emergency power systems such as [[uninterruptible power supply]] (UPS) which allow elevator use in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators. To be compliant with BS 9999 safety standards, a passenger lift being used in an emergency situation must have a secondary source of power
Where a generator is being used as the secondary power supply in a hospital, a UPS must also be present to meet regulations stating that healthcare facilities must test their emergency generators under load at least once per month. During the test period only one supply of power is feeding the lift, in a blackout situation without a UPS, the lifts would not be operational.
====Traction elevators====
{{
When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors, and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually over-ridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. To help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors, and shut down.
====Hydraulic elevators====
{{
In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as "soft-start" contactors, avoids much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.
==Modernization==
{{
[[File:G1TOWER view from Art Tower Mito.jpg|thumb|An [[elevator test tower]] in Japan]]
Most elevators are built to provide about 30 to 40 years of service, as long as service intervals specified and periodic maintenance/inspections by the manufacturer are followed. As the elevator ages and equipment become increasingly difficult to find or replace, along with code changes and deteriorating ride performance, a complete overhaul of the elevator may be suggested to the building owners.
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==Safety==
{{See also|List of elevator accidents}}
On 26 February 2014, the European Union released their adoption of safety standards through a directive notification.<ref>{{Citation|title=Directive 2014/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to lifts and safety components for lifts Text with EEA relevance|date=29 March 2014|url=http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/33/oj/eng|volume=OJ L|issue=32014L0033
===Traction elevators===
[[File:Elevator speed governor.jpg|thumb|
Statistically speaking, traction elevators are extremely safe. Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-
===Hydraulic elevators===
{{
Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible [[catastrophic failure]]. The code previously permitted only single-bottom [[hydraulic cylinder]]s. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. Two commercially available are known by the marketing names "LifeJacket" and "HydroBrake". The plunger gripper is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of [[hydraulic fluid]], thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.
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===Mine-shaft elevators===
{{
Safety testing of [[shaft mining|mine shaft]] elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical [[zinc
==Uses==
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A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors.
Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space.
Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with [[funicular]]s. For example, there is a
====Types of passenger elevators====
[[File:World Trade Center Building Design with Floor and Elevator Arrangement m.svg|thumb|The former [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s twin towers used [[
Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: hospital emergency ([[code blue]]), front and rear entrances, a television in high-rise buildings, [[
An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a [[skylobby]], or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in eastern Asia.
====Capacity====
Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform elevators, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a [[wheelchair]] {{convert|12|ft|m|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} or less, can often accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a load of {{convert|750|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Safety Standard For Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts ASME A18.1–2003 |
===Freight elevators===
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[[File:Freight elevator interior.jpg|thumb|The interior of a freight elevator, shown on a college campus in North Carolina. It is very basic yet rugged for freight loading.]]
A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from
===Sidewalk elevators===
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===Stage lifts===
'''Stage lifts''' and '''orchestra lifts''' are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a
▲<!-- "Stage lifts" links here -->
▲'''Stage lifts''' and '''orchestra lifts''' are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theatre stage. For example, [[Radio City Music Hall]] has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism
<gallery class="center" widths="220px" heights="250px">
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===Vehicle elevators===
{{
Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or areas with limited space (in place of ramps), generally to move [[car]]s into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no counterweights. To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons.
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===Aircraft elevators===
{{
[[File:Aircraft elevator USS Kitty Hawk.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[F/A-18]]C on an aircraft elevator of {{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63|6}}]]
====For aircraft====
On [[aircraft carrier]]s, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck for operations or repairs. These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than other elevators, up to {{convert|200000|lb||order=flip|abbr=on}} of aircraft and equipment. Smaller elevators lift munitions to the flight deck from magazines deep inside the ship.
====Within aircraft====
On some passenger [[double-deck aircraft]] such as the [[Boeing 747]] or other [[widebody aircraft]], elevators transport flight attendants and food and beverage trolleys from lower deck [[galley (kitchen)|galleys]] to upper passenger carrying decks.<ref name="Bowman2014">{{cite book |
===Limited use and limited application===
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===Residential elevator===
[[File:Visilift Visi-58 Round Residential Elevator.jpg|thumb|upright|A residential elevator with integrated hoistway construction and machine-room-less design]]
A residential elevator or [[home lift]] is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.
The [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] (ASME) has a specific section of Safety Code (ASME A17.1 Section 5.3) which addresses Residential Elevators. This section allows for different parameters to alleviate design complexity based on the limited use of a residential elevator by a specific user or user group. Section 5.3 of the ASME A17.1 Safety Code is for Private Residence Elevators, which does not include multi-family dwellings.<ref>{{cite book |title=Safety
Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators have been available commercially since the mid
Also, residential elevators are smaller than commercial elevators. The smallest passenger elevator is pneumatic, and it allows for only 1 person.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vacuumelevators.com/pve30 |title='Home Elevator
===Dumbwaiter===
{{Main|Dumbwaiter}}
Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other small freight loads rather than passengers. They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors. They usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like various ropes for redundancy. They have a lower capacity, and they can be up to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} tall. Control panels at every stop mimic those found in passenger elevators, allowing calling, door control and floor selection.
===Paternoster===
[[File:BMF Paternoster.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[paternoster lift|paternoster]] in [[Berlin]], Germany]]▼
{{Main|Paternoster elevator}}
▲[[File:BMF Paternoster.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[paternoster lift|paternoster]] in [[Berlin]], Germany]]
A special type of elevator is the [[
===Scissor lift===
[[File:Hebebuehne Scissorlift.jpg
The [[scissor lift]] is yet another type of elevator. These are usually mobile work platforms that can be easily moved to where they are needed, but can also be installed where space for counter-weights, machine room and so forth is limited. The mechanism that makes them go up and down is like that of a [[scissor jack]].
===Rack-and-pinion elevator===
[[Rack-and-pinion]] elevator are powered by a motor driving a pinion gear. Because they can be installed on a building or structure's exterior and there is no machine room or hoistway required, they are the most used type of elevator for buildings under construction (to move materials and tools up and down).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gedausa.com/rack-and-pinion-elevators.html |title=Rack and Pinion Elevators – Rack and Pinion Lift – GEDA – USA |website=Gedausa.com |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301023542/http://www.gedausa.com/rack-and-pinion-elevators.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ucel |date=
===Material handling belts and belt elevators===
Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a [[grain elevator]]. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of [[bulk carrier]]s
There have occasionally been [[
==Social impact==
Before the widespread use of elevators, most residential buildings were limited to about seven stories. The wealthy lived on lower floors, while poorer residents—required to climb many flights of stairs—lived on higher floors. The elevator reversed this social stratification, exemplified by the modern penthouse suite.<ref name="Bethune">{{cite web |last=Bethune |first=Brian |title=How the Elevator Changed Everything |publisher=Maclean's |date=24 March 2014 |url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/how-the-elevator-changed-everything-2/ |access-date=20 March 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320013317/http://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/how-the-elevator-changed-everything-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Early users of elevators sometimes reported nausea caused by abrupt stops while descending, and some users would use stairs to go down. In 1894, a Chicago physician documented "elevator sickness".<ref name="Bethune" />
Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When [[Nicholas II of Russia]] visited the [[Hotel Adlon]] in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons.<ref>{{Citation
==Convenience features==
[[File:LCD elevator indicator.JPG|thumb|LCD elevator floor indicator]]
[[File:WaldolfAstoriaElevatorjpg.JPG|thumb|A typical elevator indicator located in the [[Waldorf Astoria New York]]. This elevator was made by Otis.]]
Elevators may feature talking devices as an accessibility aid for the blind. Since the early 1980s, some elevators feature voice synthesis to announce floor landings, car direction and special messages to passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_i8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5|title=Two "intelligent" building under construction|author=David Needle|publisher=InfoWorld|date=28 February 1983|accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> OTIS is well known for this in some of their GEN2 model elevators.
In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by [[LED]]) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a [[dial (measurement)|dial]] with a rotating [[measuring instrument|needle]], but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or [[liquid crystal display|LCDs]]. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator. Some buildings use proximity technology that recognizes residents and brings the elevator to ground level.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/real-estate/adv/article-new-tech-makes-life-better-and-easier/ |title=New Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green (or white) means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or over-ridden by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago|Museum of Contemporary Art]] in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down". Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.
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In addition to lanterns, most elevators have a chime to indicate if the elevator is going up or down either before or after the doors open, usually in conjunction with the lanterns lighting up. For example, one chime can indicate "up", two "down", and no chimes indicate an elevator that is 'free'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.access-board.gov/attachments/article/1350/adaag.pdf#page=40|title=Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities|author=<!-- not applicable -->|at=Section 4.10.4 Hall Lanterns (p. 37)|publisher=[[United States Access Board|U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board)]]|access-date=13 April 2019|quote=A visible and audible signal shall be provided at each hoistway entrance to indicate which car is answering a call. Audible signals shall sound once for the up direction and twice for the down direction or shall have verbal annunciators that say 'up' or 'down.'|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210183943/https://www.access-board.gov/attachments/article/1350/adaag.pdf#page=40|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|reason=While not uncommon, 'most' is questionable at best, personal experience is that most elevators do *not* audibly indicate direction, and many that do actual use spoken words, and if this is a universal standard, a cite is needed. (Amended March 2019: after watching https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48hW-K7fQTM there definitely is such a trend, but more information is still needed to confirm whether or not this is worldwide)|date=October 2014 <!-- Changed to Additional on March 2019 -->}}
[[File:ElevatorVW.jpg|thumb
Observatory service elevators often convey other facts of interest, including elevator speed, stopwatch, and current position (altitude), as with the case for Taipei 101's service elevators.
There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from [[claustrophobia]], [[anthropophobia]] or [[social anxiety]]. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pincus |first=Rachel |title=Elevator Screen Creates Interactive Experiences on Everyday Rides |date=26 March 2014 |url=http://www.psfk.com/2014/03/elevator-video-screens.html |publisher=[[PSFK]] |access-date=27 October 2014 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141027181342/http://www.psfk.com/2014/03/elevator-video-screens.html |url-status=live }}</ref> British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic. It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and
===Air conditioning===
{{
[[File:Diag3.jpg|thumb|
The primary reason for installing an elevator [[air conditioner]] is the comfort that it provides while
Heat generated from the cooling process is dissipated into the hoistway. The elevator cab (or car) is ordinarily not air-tight, and some of this heat may reenter the car and reduce the overall cooling effect.
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Atomizing, also known as misting the condensed water, is one way to dispose of the condensed water. Spraying ultra-fine water droplets onto the hot coils of the air conditioner ensures that the condensed water evaporates quickly.
Though this is one of the best methods to dispose of the condensed water, it is also one of the costliest because the nozzle that
====Boiling====
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==ISO 22559==
[[File:Elevator (AIGA based).svg|thumb|
The mechanical and electrical design of elevators is dictated according to various standards (aka elevator codes), which may be international, national, state, regional or city based. Whereas once many standards were prescriptive, specifying exact criteria which must be complied with, there has recently been a shift towards more performance-based standards where the onus falls on the designer to ensure that the elevator meets or exceeds the standard.
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* Canada – CAN/CSA B44
* Europe – EN 81 series (EN 81-20, EN 81-21, EN 81-28, EN 81-70, EN 12015, EN 12016, EN 13015, etc.)
* India – Indian Standard – Installation and Maintenance of home lifts (Code of practice 2002)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.15259.2002|title=IS 15259: Installation and Maintenance of Home Lifts – Code of Practice |last=Bureau of Indian Standards |date=2002 |others=Public.Resource.Org
* US – ASME A17
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===U.S. and Canadian standard specifics===
In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the [[ASME|American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCann|first=Michael|title=Deaths and Injuries Involving Elevators and Escalators|url=http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/elevator_escalator_BLSapproved_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224248/http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/elevator_escalator_BLSapproved_0.pdf|archive-date=
Passenger elevators must also conform to many ancillary building codes including the local or state building code, [[National Fire Protection Association]] standards for electrical, fire sprinklers and fire alarms, plumbing codes, and [[HVAC]] codes. Also, passenger elevators are required to conform to the Americans with Disabilities Act and other state and federal civil rights legislation regarding accessibility.
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! Number of elevators installed
|-
| [[Italy]]
| 900,000
|-
| [[United States]]
| 900,000
|-
| [[China]]
| 4,000,000
|-
| [[South Korea]]
| 530,000
700,000 (as of June 2019)
|-
| [[Russia]]
| 520,000{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
|-
| [[Spain]]
| 950,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cncompetencia.es/Inicio/Informes/InformesyEstudiossectoriales/tabid/76/default.aspx?entryid=149928&command=core_download&method=attachment |title=Elevators Market in Spain |work=cncompetencia.es |date=11 June 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}
{{As of|January 2008|post=,}}
In Spain, the elevators in maintenance invoice €4 million a year, and €250 million in repairs. In 2012, Spain exported €300 million in elevators.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
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===Eiffel Tower===
[[File:Etowerpulley.jpg|thumb|An elevator pulley in the [[Eiffel Tower]]]]
▲{{main|Eiffel Tower#Passenger lifts}}
The [[Eiffel Tower]] has Otis double-deck elevators built into the legs of the tower, serving the ground level to the first and second levels. Even though the shaft runs diagonally upwards with the contour of the tower, both the upper and lower cars remain horizontally level. The offset distance of the two cars changes throughout the journey.
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=== ''Statue of Unity'' ===
The ''[[Statue of Unity]]'', the world's tallest statue at {{convert|182|m|ft}} high, has 10 high speed ({{convert|4|m/s|ft/s|adj=on}}) elevators leading up to a viewing gallery {{convert|153|m|ft}} high.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/otis-to-give-a-lift-to-the-top-of-the-statue-of-unity/66630400 |title=Otis to give a 'lift' to the top of the Statue of Unity – ET BrandEquity
===Taipei 101===
[[File:台北101的升降機.JPG|thumb|upright|The observation deck elevator floor indicator in the Taipei 101]]
Double deck elevators, installed by [[Toshiba]] using [[Kone]] EcoDisc machinery,{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} are used in the [[Taipei 101]] office tower. Tenants of even-numbered floors first take an escalator (or an elevator from the parking garage) to the 2nd level, where they will enter the upper deck and arrive at their floors. The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours, and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors. For example, the 85th floor restaurants can be accessed from the 60th floor sky-lobby. Restaurant customers must clear their reservations at the reception counter on the 2nd floor. A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels (36 and 60, upper-deck car), where tenants can transfer to "local" elevators.
The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a former world-record certified speed of {{convert|1010|m/min|km/h|0}} in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second. Many high speed elevators also have aerodynamic cab exteriors.<ref>{{cite web |last=van der Bijl |first=Hanno |date=March 29, 2018 |title=3 World Trade Center Update |url=https://www.tabpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/rcg-1.pdf |access-date=August 31, 2024 }}</ref>
===Gateway Arch===
{{Main|Gateway Arch}}
[[File:Gateway Arch tram car.JPG|thumb|upright|The interior of one of the Gateway Arch tramway cars]]The Gateway Arch in [[St. Louis
===New City Hall, Hanover, Germany===
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===Radisson Blu, Berlin, Germany===
At the Radisson Blu hotel in Berlin, Germany, the main elevator was surrounded by an aquarium; 82 feet tall, the aquarium contained more than a thousand different fish until it shattered in December 2022. The design offered views of the fish to people using the elevator. The special elevator was built by the German company
===The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror===
{{Main|The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror}}
==="Top of the Rock" elevators===
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===The Haunted Mansion===
Part of the [[The Haunted Mansion|Haunted Mansion]] attraction at [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]], and [[Disneyland Park (Paris)|Disneyland]] in [[Paris, France]], takes place on an elevator.<ref>{{Cite
===For urban transport===
In some towns where terrain is difficult to navigate, elevators are used as part of urban transport systems.
* [[Almada]], Portugal – [[Boca do Vento Elevator]]
* [[Bad Schandau]], Germany – [[Bad Schandau Elevator]]
* [[Brussels]], Belgium – [[Poelaert Elevators]]
* [[Bürgenstock]], Switzerland – [[Hammetschwand Elevator]]
* [[Coimbra]], Portugal – {{ill|Elevador do Mercado|pt}}
* [[Lisbon]], Portugal – ''[[Santa Justa Lift|Elevador de Santa Justa]]'', ''Castelo'' (planned), ''Chiado'' (closed), ''Município/Biblioteca'' (demolished)
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* [[Salzburg]], Austria - [[MönchsbergAufzug]]
* [[Stockholm]], Sweden – [[Katarina Elevator]]
* [[Valletta]], Malta – [[Barrakka Lift]], which connects the [[Upper Barrakka Gardens]] (on the top of the fortifications) to the
* [[Whanganui]], New Zealand – [[Durie Hill Elevator]]; originally built by subdividers of suburb
* [[Lynchburg, Virginia]], US - [[Lynchburg Public Elevator]] Connects pedestrians from Church street on the lower level to Court Street on the upper level.
==
[[Internet of things]] (IOT) technology application is being used in elevators to improve performance, operations, monitoring, maintenance with help of remote diagnostics, real time notifications and predictive
==World's fastest elevators==
The [[Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre]] holds the current record of world's fastest elevators with their cars
However, on the way down, the elevators at [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]], manufactured by [[Mitsubishi Electric]], descend at {{convert|45|km/h|abbr=on}}, and still hold the record for the fastest descending elevator in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/20220409-OYT1T50111/ |title=下り「世界最速」のエレベーターと言えばココ…時速45キロでビューン |language=Japanese |website=読売新聞 |date=9 April 2022 |access-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
== See also ==
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* Traffic Performance of Elevators with Destination Control
* Manavalan, Theresa (30 October 2005). "Don't let them ride alone". ''[[New Straits Times]]'', p. F2.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.buildings.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/3321/ArticleID/3076/Default.aspx |last=Ford |first=M. |
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kone.com/countries/en_US/Elevators/MonoSpace/Pages/default.aspx |title=MonoSpace Mid-Rise Elevator
* {{cite web |last=Tetlow |first=K. |date=September 2007 |title=New Elevator Technology: The Machine Room-Less Elevator |access-date=25 October 2009 |url=http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=14&C=220
* {{cite book |last=Barney |first=G. |date=January 2003 |title=Elevator Traffic Handbook: Theory and Practice |publisher=Taylor & Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GteIiGQT1S4C&pg=PA278 |isbn=978-0-415-27476-0}}
* {{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator.htm |last=Harris |first=Tom
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nibavlifts.com.au |last=Preet |first=C. |
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Lee |
* Nick Paumgarten, ''The New Yorker'', 21 April 2008, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/04/21/080421fa_fact_paumgarten?currentPage=all Up And Then Down: The lives of elevators]▼
* Karin Tetlow, [https://www.construction.com/ce/articles/0709kone-6.asp Comparisons of different types of Elevators] September 2007.▼
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Elevators}}
* [https://aceee.org/files/pdf/white-paper/elevators2005.pdf ACE<sup>3</sup>] Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements
▲* Nick Paumgarten, ''The New Yorker'', 21 April 2008, [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/04/21/080421fa_fact_paumgarten?currentPage=all Up And Then Down: The lives of elevators]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19846214 Why do we behave so oddly in lifts?] [[BBC News Online]] (2012-10-08)
▲* Karin Tetlow, [https://www.construction.com/ce/articles/0709kone-6.asp Comparisons of different types of Elevators] September 2007.
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