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+"Mention of Werner Israel 1986 proof of the third law of thermodynamics for black holes and recent work in contradiction with it" |
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The hypothetical [[black hole electron]] is super-extremal (having more charge and angular momentum than a black hole of its mass "should").
The third law of black hole thermodynamics should disallow such an extremal black hole and in 1986 a proof was published<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Israel |first=W. |date=1986-07-28 |title=Third Law of Black-Hole Dynamics: A Formulation and Proof |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.397 |journal=Physical Review Letters |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=397–399 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.397 |issn=0031-9007}}</ref> by [[Werner Israel]] nevertheless recent work in a pair of preprints claims it contains a error and therefore extremal black hole are indeed possible.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kehle |first=Christoph |title=Event horizon gluing and black hole formation in vacuum: the very slowly rotating case |date=2023-04-17 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.08455 |access-date=2024-08-27 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.2304.08455 |last2=Unger |first2=Ryan}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kehle |first=Christoph |title=Extremal black hole formation as a critical phenomenon |date=2024-02-15 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10190 |access-date=2024-08-27 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.2402.10190 |last2=Unger |first2=Ryan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Mathematicians Prove Hawking Wrong About ‘Extremal’ Black Holes |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-prove-hawking-wrong-about-extremal-black-holes-20240821/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The third law of thermodynamics for black holes has always been [[Black hole thermodynamics#The third law 2|controversial]].
==See also==
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