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{{short description|Dutch painter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[Image:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 095.jpg|thumb|[[Rembrandt van Rijn|Rembrandt]]'s [[portrait of Gerard de Lairesse]] at age 25, showing his [[saddle nose]] caused by [[congenital syphilis]]. Oil on canvas,
'''Gerard''' or '''Gérard (de) Lairesse''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒeʁaʁ də lɛʁɛs}}; 11 September 1641 – June 1711) was a [[Dutch Golden Age]] painter and art theorist. His broad range of skills included music, poetry, and theatre. De Lairesse was influenced by the [[Perugian]] [[Cesare Ripa]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bIZbAAAAcAAJ
==Painting career==
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[[File:Gerard de Lairesse - Allegorie op de Wetenschappen - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Gerard de Lairesse, ''Allegory of sciences'', [[Rijksmuseum]]]]
De Lairesse was born in [[Liège]] and was the second son of painter Renier de Lairesse (
In 1671, when Van Uylenburgh tried to sell 13 paintings to [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]], [[Hendrick Fromantiou]] successfully advised the Elector to send 12 pieces back as forgeries. Fromantiou claimed the paintings were copies of Italian ones, and he could point out the originals in Holland. De Lairesse was one of 51 individuals involved because of their expertise.
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Some time later De Lairesse moved to Spinhuissteeg where he became a member of the literary society ''[[Nil volentibus arduum]]'', which seems to have gathered in his house from 1676 until 1681.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.triomfdervrede.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=5&lang=en |title=Triumpf of Peace |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629044446/http://www.triomfdervrede.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=5&lang=en |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1682 he sold copies of sheet music composed by Lully.<ref name="J.H. GISKES 1994 pp. 51–54">J.H. GISKES (1994) Amsterdam, centrum van muziek, muzikanten en schilders in de Gouden Eeuw, pp. 51–54. In: Jaarboek Amstelodamum.</ref> In May 1684 he rented the nearby house of [[Caspar Barlaeus]].<ref>Maandblad Amstelodamum 1949, p. 59.</ref> His pupils [[Philip Tideman]] and Louis Abry lived there too.
De Lairesse produced paintings as decorations for the [[Soestdijk Palace]] between 1676 and 1683. In 1684 he moved to the Hague and worked there for a year. In 1685 he painted works for the [[Loo Palace]]. In
==Style==
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[[File:16xx Gérard de Lairesse - Venus Presenting Weapons to Aeneas 0.jpg|thumb|''Venus Presenting Weapons to [[Aeneas]]'', [[Museum Mayer van den Bergh]], Antwerp]]
At first, De Lairesse was highly influenced by [[Rembrandt]], but later he focused on a more French-oriented style similar to [[Nicolas Poussin]].<ref>The principles of drawing : or, an easy and familiar method whereby youth are directed in the practice of that useful art. Being a compleat drawing book: ... To which is prefix'd, an introduction to drawing; ... Translated from the French of Monsieur Gerard de Lairesse, and improved with abstracts from C. A. Du Fresnoy.'"[
In Amsterdam during the second half of the 17th century, the pious austerity of the Protestant Dutch in Rembrandt's age had given way to unbridled opulence, even decadence, and de Lairesse's [[classical French]], or [[Baroque]], style fitted this age perfectly. It made him one of, if not the most popular painter in Amsterdam at that time. De Lairesse was therefore frequently hired to adorn the interiors of government buildings and homes ([[canal house]]s) of wealthy Amsterdam businessmen with lavish [[grisaille]]s, ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' ceilings and wall paintings. Some of these paintings still exist in the original buildings where they were painted.
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==De Lairesse as art theorist==
De Lairesse
* ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' ("Foundations of Drawing"), published in 1701<ref name="Ter Teekenkonst" /><ref name="Grondlegginge ter" />
* ''Het groot schilderboeck'' ("Great Book of Painting"), published in 1710
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His treatises on painting and drawing, ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' (1701)<ref name="Ter Teekenkonst" /><ref name="Grondlegginge ter" /><ref name="der teekenkonst" /> and ''Het groot schilderboeck'' (1707), were highly influential on later painters like [[Jacob de Wit]]. He also worked with many established artists of his day, as [[Barend Graat]], [[Johannes Glauber]] and [[Frederick de Moucheron]], on larger commissions for house decorations.
De Lairesse attracted many pupils, including [[Jan van Mieris]], [[Simon van der Does]], and the brothers [[Teodor Lubieniecki|Teodor]] and [[Krzysztof Lubieniecki]]. According to Houbraken, [[Jan Hoogsaat]] was one of his best pupils.<ref name=Houbraken>{{in lang|nl}}<!--Middle Dutch--> [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0435.htm Biography of Jan Hoogsaat] in ''De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen'' (1718) by [[Arnold Houbraken]], courtesy of the [[Digital library for Dutch literature]]</ref> According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), his pupils also included [[Jacob van der Does]] (the Younger), [[Gilliam van der Gouwen]], [[Louis Fabritius Dubourg]], [[Theodor Lubienitzki]], [[Bonaventura van Overbeek]], [[Jan Wandelaar]].<ref>[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/47470 Gerard de Lairesse] in the [[RKD]]</ref>
Celebrated during his lifetime and well into the 18th century, he was berated during the 19th century. With or without justification, he was considered superficial and effete, and was held in large part responsible for the decline in Dutch painting. Two hundred years after his death in 1711 the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition (1911) gave no listing at all for De Lairesse, while devoting four pages of solid text to Rembrandt.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Works by De Lairesse are now on display at many museums around the world, including the [[Rijksmuseum]] and [[Amsterdams Historisch Museum]] in Amsterdam, the [[Louvre]] in Paris, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City, the [[National Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]] and [[Tate Gallery]] in London, and the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]. In
==Works==
[[File:Gerard de Lairesse - Hercule entre le Vice et le Vertu.JPG|thumb|''Hercules at the crossroads'', [[Louvre]], Paris]]
[[File:Gerard de Lairesse "Triomf der Vrede".jpg|thumb|''Triomf der Vrede'' (Triumph of Peace), ceiling painting in three parts, left to right: ''Unity; Freedom; Safety'' (1671/72), [[Peace Palace|The Hague Peace Palace]]]]
Well-known paintings by de Lairesse include his ''Allegory of the Five Senses'' (1668), ''Diana and Endymion'' (ca. 1680) and ''Cleopatra Landing at Tarsus''. Some of his paintings show influence by the ''Iconologia'' of [[Cesare Ripa]], a book that was given to him by his brother, after returning from Italy.<ref>[http://dare.uva.nl/document/169490 Letje Lips (2009) "Barend Graat Amsterdam 1628-1709"]</ref> A versatile artist, De Lairesse also made many prints for book illustrations (e.g. for the poet [[Andries Pels]]) (1668). Among other things, De Lairesse produced:▼
▲Well-known paintings by de Lairesse include his ''Allegory of the Five Senses'' (1668), ''Diana and Endymion'' (
* A set of illustrations for [[Gerard Reynst]]'s collection ''Signorum Veterum Icones'' (1670), a series of prints based on the Italian statuary in Reynst's Amsterdam collection.
* Three ceiling paintings ''Triomf der Vrede'' (Triumph of Peace) in 1671 for the Amsterdam regent [[Andries de Graeff]]. The paintings glorified the [[De Graeff]] family's role as the protector of the [[Dutch republic]] and the works of art can be viewed as a visual statement opposing the return of the [[House of Orange]] as [[Stadtholder]]s of the republic. They were created for Andries de Graeffs 'Sael' at his
* Most of his plates were originally published by [[Nicolaes Visscher II]], who published a collected edition under the title 'Opus Elegantissimum' in
* Set designs for the [[Schouwburg of Van Campen]], the Amsterdam theatre (after 1676 or 1681 when it was reopened).<ref>Ben Albach (1977) Langs Kermissen en Hoven, p. 123.</ref>
* A set of illustrations for [[Govert Bidloo]]'s anatomical atlas ''Anatomia Humani Corporis'' (1685). 105 illustrations in: ''Godefridi Bidloo, Medicinae Doctoris & Chirurgi, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis: Centum & quinque Tabvlis Per artificiosiss. G. De Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, Demonstrata, Veterum Recentiorumque Inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non-detectis, Illvstrata''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://anatomia.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/anatomia%3ARBAI023|title=Anatomia humani corporis, centum & quinque tabulis, per artificiossis. G. de Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, demonstrata, veterum recentiorumque inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non-detectis, illustrata.|last=Bidloo|first=Govard|publisher=Sumptibus viduæ J. a Someren|year=1685|location=Amsterdam|via=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{cite
* The shutters for the church organ in the [[Westerkerk]] in 1686.
* A portrait of the Dutch [[stadholder]] and king of England, [[William III of England]] (1688).
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File:Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams.jpg|Anatomical drawing from ''Anatomia Humani Corporis'', 1685
File:Govard Bidloo t88.jpg|''Ontleding des menschlyken lichaams''
File:Gerard de Lairesse - Philips Tideman - G van der Gouwe - Hendrick Desbordes.png|Title page of ''Groot Schilderboek'', 1712<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Q9AAAAcAAJ Groot schilderboek, waar in de schilderkonst in al haar deelen grondig werd onderweezen, ook door redeneeringen en printverbeeldingen verklaard; met voorbeelden uyt de beste konst-stukken der oude en nieuwe puyk-schilderen, bevestigd : en derzelver wel- en misstand aangeweezen, Volume 1], Gérard de Lairesse, [[Philip Tideman]],
</gallery>
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==External links==
{{Commons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010111713/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_assets/SK-A-4177?lang=en Allegory on Science at the Rijksmuseum], a [[grisaille]] by de Lairesse
* [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bidloo1685 ''Godefridi Bidloo, Medicinae Doctoris & Chirurgi, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis: Centum & quinque Tabvlis Per artificiosiss. G. De Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, Demonstrata, Veterum Recentiorumque Inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non detectis, Illvstrata''] 105 illustrations by Gérard de Lairesse. Amsterdam 1685
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoK7VeTQLhw Track on YouTube with many of his paintings]
{{Authority control (arts)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lairesse, Gerard de}}
[[Category:1640s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1711 deaths]]
[[Category:Belgian painters]]▼
[[Category:Dutch Golden Age painters]]
[[Category:Dutch male painters]]
[[Category:Trompe-l'œil artists]]
[[Category:Writers from Amsterdam]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Dutch art historians]]
[[Category:Walloon emigrants to the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Rembrandt scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars of Netherlandish art]]
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