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{{Short description|River in Iringa, Dodoma and Morogoro Region, Tanzania}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Great Area Ruaha River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Iringa Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dodoma Region]]
| subdivision_type4 = Region
| subdivision_name4 = [[Morogoro Region]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
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| discharge1_max =
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1 = [[Lukosi River]]
| source1_location = [[
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| source2 = [[Yovi River]]
| source2_location = [[Morogoro Region]]
| source2_coordinates=
| source2_elevation =
| source3 = [[Kitete River]]
| source3_location = [[Morogoro Region]]
| source3_coordinates=
| source3_elevation =
| source4 = [[Sanje River]]
| source4_location = [[Iringa Region]]
| source4_coordinates=
| source4_elevation =
| source5 = [[Little Ruaha River]]
| source5_location = [[Iringa Region]]
| source5_coordinates=
| source5_elevation =
| mouth = [[Rufiji River]]
| mouth_location = [[Pwani Region]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
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| extra =
}}
The '''Great Ruaha River''' is a [[river]] in south-central [[Tanzania]] that flows through the Usangu wetlands and the [[Ruaha National Park]] east into the [[Rufiji River]].
▲The '''Great Ruaha River''' is a [[river]] in south-central [[Tanzania]] that flows through the Usangu wetlands and the [[Ruaha National Park]] east into the [[Rufiji River]]. Its basin catchment area is {{Convert|83970|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arvidson, Anders|title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large‐scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District|date=May 2009|publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd|page=23|url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf|display-authors=etal|access-date=2012-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910175844/http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population of the basin is mainly sustained by [[irrigation]] and water-related livelihoods such as fishing and livestock keeping.
== Size ==
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Great Ruaha is about {{convert|475|km|mi}} long, its tributary basin has a catchment area of {{convert|68000|km2|sqmi}} and the mean annual discharge is {{convert|140|m3|cuft}} per second. The Great Ruaha River supplies 22 percent of the total flow of the Rufiji catchment system. Thirty-eight species of fish have been identified in the Great Ruaha River.
The river's headwaters are in the [[Kipengere Range]] In west [[Njombe Region]]. From there the Great Ruaha River descends to the [[Usangu Plain|Usangu plains]], an important region for irrigated agriculture and livestock in Tanzania. The river eventually reaches the [[Mtera Dam]] and then flows south to the [[Kidatu Dam]]. These two generate about 50 percent of Tanzania's electricity. The river continues southwards and flows across the [[Selous Game Reserve]] before reaching the Rufiji River. The major rivers contributing to the Great Ruaha River are Lukosi, Yovi, Kitete, Sanje, Little Ruaha, Kisigo, Mbarali, Kimani, and Chimala whereas the small ones include Umrobo, Mkoji, Lunwa, Mlomboji, Ipatagwa, Mambi, and Mswiswi rivers.
== Issues ==
Decreased flows in the Great Ruaha have been recorded since the early 1990s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tanzania Country Environmental Assessment: Managing Natural Resources More Effectively Can Get the Country’s Rivers Flowing Again|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzania-country-environmental-assessment-managing-natural-resources-more-effectively-can-get-the-countrys-rivers-flowing-again|access-date=2021-08-06|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> resulting in complete drying of sections of the river in 1993 and in dry years since (''illustration above''). This has been attributed to uncontrolled and poor water management, with the large rice irrigation schemes playing a major role.
By 2019, the Great Ruaha experienced no water flow for several months per year.<ref name=":0" /> A report published by the [[World Bank]] listed the Great Ruaha as an endowment in crisis due to environmental factors.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Ruaha National Park Panorama.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panorama of [[Ruaha National Park]], with a view on the Great Ruaha River on 27 July 2003.]]
==References==
{{
== Sources ==
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* Öhman, May-Britt, Taming Exotic Beauties: Swedish Hydro Power Constructions in Tanzania in the Era of Development Assistance, 1960s - 1990s, Stockholm, 2007, PhD Thesis, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:12267
{{
{{Rivers of Tanzania}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Great Ruaha River| ]]
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