Halebidu: Difference between revisions

{{About|a town in Karnataka|Halebidu. temple|Hoysaleswara Temple}}

| other_name = Dorasamudra or Dwarasamudra

| settlement_type = townVillage

| population_as_of = 20012011

| demographics_type2 = Ethnicity

| postal_code = 573121

'''Halebidu''' ([[IAST]]: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment"<ref>JF Fleet, Nele-Vidu: Appayana-Vidu, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-119, {{JSTOR|25189510}}</ref> or "ruined city"<ref>{{cite book | last=Duraiswamy | first=S. | title=The Creative Touches of the Chisel | year=2004 | isbn=978-955-8095-49-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmfAAAAMAAJ | page=107| publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications }}</ref>) is a town located in [[Hassan District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Historically known as Dorasamudra'''Dwarasamudra''' or(also [[Dwarasamudra]]Dorasamudra), Halebidu became the regal capital of the [[Hoysala Empire]] in the 11th century CE.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 44–46</ref>{{refn|group=note|Dorasamudra was one of the capitals of the Hoysalas. Governors had their own capital, with temples and infrastructure. Sosavur (Sasapura, Sasakapura) was their first capital. Belur served as another capital for a part of the 12th-century. The king used to relocate and stay for extended periods in other capitals. However, Dorasamudra is repeatedly called as the ''srimad rajdhani'' ("most illustrious capital") in inscriptions found in distant parts of the Hoysala kingdom.}} In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as '''Halebeedu''' or '''Halebid''' as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|ransacked]] and looted twice by the forces of the [[Turko-Persian]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref>

Halebidu is home to some of the best examples of Hindu and Jain temples with [[Hoysala architecture]]. These show the breadth of Hindu artwork traditions – Shiva, Vishnu, Devi and Vedic deities – fused into the same temple complex, depicted with a diversity of regional heritages, along with inscriptions in scripts from South and Northacross India. The Hindu temples include Jaina reliefs in its panel. Similarly, the Jaina artwork includes the different Tirthankara as well as a Saraswati within its mantapa. Most notable among the Halebidu monuments are the ornate [[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysalesvara temple]], Kedareshwara temple, Jaina Basadi temples, as well as the Hulikere step well (''kalyani''). These sites are within a kilometer of each other.<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p1">{{cite book|author1=V Bharne|author2=K Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.glegoogle.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|pages=1–17}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|title=Adinatha Basti, Halebid &#124; ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418145223/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/178 178]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> The Hoysaleshwara Temple remains the only surviving monument in Halebidu.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Halebidu is connected by road and rail to [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] on [[State Highway 21 (Karnataka)|SH-21]] (30&nbsp;km), [[Mysore]] (150&nbsp;km) and [[Mangalore]] on [[National Highway 73 (India)|NH-73]] (184&nbsp;km). It is about 15 kilometers from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], another site known for its intricately carved Hoysala era temples.

Halebidu is in the midst of a valley east of the Western Ghats(Sahyadri Mountains un Karnataka). It is surrounded by low-lying mountains, boulders and seasonal rivers. This valley is well connected to northern Karnataka, western Andhra Pradesh and northern Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Kasdorf/> Around this region, between the 10th and 14th-century, the Hoysaḷa dynasty came to power, whose history is unclear. By their own 11th and 12th-century inscriptions, they were descendants of the Krishna-Baladeva-roots and the Yadavas of MaharashtraDevagiri. They married into the Kalyana Chalukya Hindu dynasty, known for its temple and art tradition. The reliability of these inscriptions have been questioned as potential mythistory by some historians, who propose that the Hoysalas were a local Hindu family – a hill chief from the WesternSahyadri Ghatshill range of Karnataka remembered for having killed a tiger or a lion, and they seized and over time expanded their power starting in the 10th- century.<ref name="Fischel">{{cite book | last=Fischel | first=F.R.S. | title=Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-4744-3609-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ | pages=34–39}}</ref><ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 46–49</ref><ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pages = 295–302 }}</ref>

Halebidu was built anew near a large reservoir by the early Hoysala kings, with support from their governors, merchants, and artisans.{{refn|group=note|The Hoysalas built many water reservoirs throughout their kingdomrealm, a source of their political stability, public support and economic prosperity. Such public infrastructure projects began at least in the 11th-century and continued through the early 13th-century. This is evidenced by the texts of their era and inscriptions found near these reservoirs, water tanks and temples.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 62–67 with footnotes</ref> They also built canals and completed irrigation projects.<ref>C. P. Rajendran and P. Aravazhi (2011), ''Ancient canal and stone quarries near Halebidu, Hassan District, Karnataka'', Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 987-989, {{JSTOR|24079259}}</ref>}} They greatly excavated and expanded the Dorasamudra reservoir. Major and spectacularly carved Hindu and Jain temples were already complete by the 12th- century. Around the city were fort walls, generally tracing a rounded square-like area with an average span of 2.25 kilometers. Inside were four major water reservoirs and many smaller public water tanks. The city life, it major temples and the roads were centered near the Dorasamudra water reservoir. The city several dozen temples, of which only a small set has survived. Three set of temples – Hoysaleswara (twin temple), Jain Basadi (three temples) and Kedareshvara (one temple) – were the largest, more sophisticated in their architecture and artwork, while the rest were simpler.<ref name=Kasdorf/>

After the [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|first invasion]] and destruction of Dorasamudra in the 14th- century, inscriptions suggest that there were attempts to repair the temples, palace and infrastructure in Dorasamudra. As a condition to an end to the invasion, [[Malik Kafur]] of [[Turko-Persian]] Delhi Sultanate demanded kingthe monarch [[Veera Ballala III]] to accept suzerainty of Khalji, pay tribute and provide logistical support to the Sultanate forces seeking to raid and loot the fabled wealth in the Pandya capital of Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Additional waves of wars of destruction and loot from the [[Turko-Persian]] Sultanates ended the Hoysala kingdom and Dorasamudra's prosperity as a capital city.<ref name="Bradnock2000p959">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC|year=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-658-01151-1|page=959}}</ref><ref name="Asher1995p29">{{cite book|author=Catherine B. Asher|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ |year=1995|publisher=South Asia |isbn=978-0-945921-42-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joan-Pau Rubiés|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C |year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52613-5|pages=13–15}}</ref> For nearly 300 years, Dorasamudra saw no new inscriptions or evidence of political or economic prosperity. A mid 17th-century Nayaka era inscription in Belur thereafter becomes the first to mention "Halebidu". Meanwhile the surviving Hindu and Jain communities continued to support and repair the temples, with evidence of living temples in what is now the northern part of Halibidu.<ref>Katherine E. Kasdorf (2013), ''Forming Dōrasamudra: Temples of the Hoysaḷa Capital in Context'', Columbia University Press, pp. 57–62 with footnotes</ref>

*[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal]] – a triple sanctum shrine from the 13th- century, with a galaxy of artwork from all Hindu traditions; A Vesara architecture, where the aedicule on the outer walls show many major variants of Dravida and Nagara ''shikhara'' (superstructure) styles; it is about {{Convert|12|km}} northeast from Halebidu.

*[[Nuggehalli]] group of temples – about {{convert|80|km}} to the east of Halebidu, with the Lakshminarasimha temple featuring an ingenious structure that makes three sanctums appear as one sanctum from outside; a Vesara architecture from the 13th- century. The other major temple in the village called the [[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli]] is a remarkable Hoysala synthesis of north Indian [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architecture with South Indian ideas on architecture.<ref>{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2|pagepages = 372–374 }}</ref>

*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid Hoysalesvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130757/http://asibengalurucircle.in/hoysalesvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid Parsvanatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid |date=18 November 2017 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid Kedaresvara Temple, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130815/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kedaresvara-temple-halebid |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid Shantinatha Basadi, Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195429/http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid |date=28 November 2016 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle

*[http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 Step well, Hulikere Halebid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130803/http://asibengalurucircle.in/kalyani-tank-hulikere-0 |date=26 August 2021 }}, Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle